Higher Education and International Relations Essay

Higher Education and International Relations - Essay Example It is a deliberate process of transformation of improved abilities from one level to another level which starts from an individual and bring to an end in the greater advantage of the world. Education develops the inborn potential of an individual and helps to increase the current knowledge. Education facilitates the growth of an individual in all areas like physical, behavior, mental, social, economic, spiritual etc. Education bring livelihood for an individual and determines his/her social status. Individual lives in a society, his/her improved status bring betterment to the life of the people connected to them in every manner. Here starts the role of education in the society. It compels members of the society to abundant old views and thoughts and provides equal opportunities to all irrespective of their cast, color, sex and religion. It helps in development of social and moral values like tolerance, affection, sympathy, cooperation etc. Most important role of education towards soc iety is to compete with the technological and scientific advancement. Education helps to raise all aspect of the country like healthy living, improve literacy rate, social change, growing economy, decrease poverty etc. Education of individuals in various fields determines the need of establishing of various industries which obtain different advantages for the country in the global marketplace. Competitive advantage of one country forces other countries to develop their economies to the highest level. It is a rare possibility that one country specializes into each and every sector of the economy or has all the natural resources of the world. Countries have to depend on each other to get access to these resources and felt the need of trade. International relations establish by means of trade between two or more countries. Poor education conditions of developing countries restrain them to achieve better living conditions, health facilities, law and order situation, economy etc. Most de veloping countries are facing political instability and deprived law and order situation, due to which developed nations of the world are hesitant in bringing their investments to the developing countries. Even international universities and colleges are also unable to bring their campuses to the developing nations. In one way or other, poor law and order situations and political instability links to the underprivileged educational system of these countries. Most of the developing countries are in the elementary stage of their education system. They are struggling to achieve the level of secondary or post secondary education. Higher education can also serve as a medium to establish international relations between countries. It is witnessed that large number of students, faculty and staff members are taking education outside of their native land. â€Å"Indeed, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 3.7 million tertiary level students studied o utside of their home country in 2009.† (Lane and Kinser, 2012) Governments are working on the internationalization of higher educations system and institutions. Several measure have been taken in this regard by the government and institutions like student exchange programs, consultancy programs by universities and colleges, cultural centers, inviting higher education institutions from other countries. For example, world-recognized institutions such as New York University,

Interview summary Essay Example for Free

Interview summary Essay Introduction: Hi! I am ______________. Could you please let me know if you are taking interviews and if so, how soon I might see you? I’m interested in how mental health practitioners like you got your training. Some specifics that I need to know are queries like, why should one see a therapist and how does a typical day with a client be like? 1. How did you get into this kind of profession? Where did you get your training and what are the necessary things that are of primary importance for one to have as a mental health provider? 2. What makes one competent to conduct counseling or therapy? 3. So what are the competencies that are expected by a typical patient as well as the organization which every professional is sanctioned and affiliated with? 4. There must be a sort of internship that every specialist must go through; how did you get into the on-the-job-training and what kind of requirements that you must pass? 5. Let us move on to the ethics of the profession. I have read that the effects of setting limits or boundaries in the therapeutic relationship are lessened effectiveness. What I mean is that due to the risks of being accused of malpractice or running the risks of being involved in a toxic relationship, the therapist must set limits or boundaries. The therapist even has to define many of these things at the outset or before the start of the helping relationship. However, this may mean the reduction of effective treatment to the patient or client. Is this is true with our experience? Why or why not? 6. Could you please tell me what are some of the sensitive issues you’ve encountered so far in dealing with your patients? 7. Have you been in a malpractice suit or know of someone who had undergone this? 8. Let us go to the personal attributes that are generally found to be appealing and attractive for a would-be therapist. Can you enumerate some? 9. Are they natural tendencies or must one acquire them in the process? Are these necessary for a successful practice? 10. I see that communication plays a vital role. What are the nuances of communication necessary for a practitioner to develop as his/her own style and strategy? Interview Summary PART 2 Introduction: Hi! I am ______________. Could you please let me know if you are taking interviews and if so, how soon I might see you? I’m interested in how mental health practitioners like you got your training. Some specifics that I need to know are queries like, why should one see a therapist and how does a typical day with a client be like? 1. How did you get into this kind of profession? Where did you get your training and what are the necessary things that are of primary importance for one to have as a mental health provider? A: Actually, I got interested only to make a career of my course until around my senior year in college that I wanted to be in a â€Å"helping relationship† kind of profession and so I started to plan out what I needed. I evaluated my personal weaknesses and strengths. Most importantly, I realized that I needed to spend more time and money in various seminar/workshops to specially hone whatever skills I have. There are things that I must fully be able to grasp that are basics where I was to deal with a variety of clients since I started and these are: Knowledge of clients’ culture (history, traditions, values, family systems, artistic expressions). Knowledge of the impact of racism and poverty on behavior, attitudes, values, and disabilities. Knowledge of the help-seeking behaviors of ethnic minority clients. Knowledge of the roles of language, speech patterns, and communication styles in different communities. Knowledge of the impact of the social service policies on clients of color. Knowledge of the resources (i. e. , agencies, persons, informal helping networks, research) available for ethnic minority clients and communities. Recognition of how professional values may either conflict with or accommodate the needs of clients from different cultures. 2. What makes one competent to conduct counseling or therapy? Of course, not only should one come from a reputable institution known for excellence in learning, which has clearly transferred to the student and future practitioner the necessary knowledge and skills, pass state licensure exams which are essentials and are given. Competence includes a thorough knowledge of the nature of various individuals coming from different cultural milieu and other factors. Competence involves having insights and enough exposure to the risks that are involved in this profession. Therefore, the ethical considerations and guidelines as a mental health provider must be thoroughly understood. 3. So what are the competencies that are expected by a typical patient as well as the organization which every professional is sanctioned and affiliated with? Today, the demands are increasingly high to start with. Competencies include professional skills which are basically elucidated in the following: In particular, there are a number of generally expected levels of knowledge, skills and attributes that are essential to providing competent mental health services. One must have the ability to evaluate new techniques, research, and knowledge as to their validity and applicability in working with people from all walks of life. 4. There must be a sort of internship that every specialist must go through; how did you get into the on-the-job-training and what kind of requirements that you must pass? Definitely, before one gets to practice what one has to specialize on, a mental health provider must successfully pass an on-the-job-training which is a comprehensive one. The more number of hours one has spent on an institution and the more variety of disorders or diseases that he/she has dealt with, so much the better. I happened to not only spent sufficient time with the National Institute for Mental Health and one of its affiliates where cases are more than adequate, the training was indeed very rigorous. The patients were closely monitored and so were our studies and follow-up done on the patients. Moreover, after my graduation, additional years of training in a private Mental Health Institution as a volunteer then as an employee working with over 400 patients. It was long and tedious but it was a very productive for me and now it is paying off. Cases include more the usual bulk of Schizophrenics, major depression and the manic depressive types. Of course, there were the walk-ins and those who had the illnesses as offshoots of drug addiction/dependence which are rampant and/or still prevalent today and sadly comprise much of the demographics. 5. Let us move on to the ethics of the profession. I have read that the effects of setting limits or boundaries in the therapeutic relationship are lessened effectiveness. What I mean is that due to the risks of being accused of malpractice or running the risks of being involved in a toxic relationship, the therapist must set limits or boundaries. The therapist even has to define many of these things at the outset or before the start of the helping relationship. However, this may mean the reduction of effective treatment to the patient or client. Is this is true with our experience? Why or why not? Indeed there have been certain times that when taken too far, several well-intentioned ethical guidelines can become transformed into artificial boundaries that serve as destructive prohibitions and thereby undermine clinical effectiveness. Rigid roles and strict codified rules of conduct between therapist and client can obstruct a clinicians artistry. Those anxious conformists who go entirely by the book, and who live in constant fear of malpractice suits, are unlikely to prove significantly helpful to a broad array of clients. It is my contention that one of the worst professional/ethical violations is to permit current risk-management principles to take precedence over humane interventions. 6. Could you please tell me what are some of the sensitive issues you’ve encountered so far in dealing with your patients? One example is transference. It is helpful in many ways but this is where certain limits or boundaries must be applied and the therapist must know when this must be in place. Other issues include countertransference, dual relationships, etc. Basic to the relationship between a therapist and a client is trust and this must be preserved all throughout. The respect between the parties is not to be taken for granted. The right to be informed of what the client must go through is critical as well. What really happens between a therapist and their client when transference is occurring? Transference is the displacement or transfer of feelings, thoughts and behaviors originally related to a significant person, such as a parent, onto someone else, such as the massage therapist. It is not a rational process. It is an unconscious process. It is created just by the fact that clients come in and take their clothes off, leaving them feeling more vulnerable at first. We become an authority figure or the expert in their eyes. We often become their parent in some ways. 7. Have you been in a malpractice suit or know of someone who had undergone this? Fortunately I have not gone through that and nobody I know of personally. 8. Let us go to the personal attributes that are generally found to be appealing and attractive for a would-be therapist. Can you enumerate some? Personal qualities that reflect â€Å"genuineness, empathy, nonpossessiveness, warmth,† and a capacity to respond flexibly to a range of possible solutions. Acceptance of ethnic differences between people. A willingness to work with clients of different ethnic backgrounds. Articulation and clarification of the worker’s personal values, stereotypes, and biases about his/her own and others’ ethnicity and social class. Also, recognizing ways that these views may accommodate or conflict with the needs of clients from different cultures. 9. Are they natural tendencies or must one acquire them in the process? Are these necessary for a successful practice? There are a few natural tendencies but the rest can be learned. 10. I see that communication plays a vital role. What are the nuances of communication necessary for a practitioner to inculcate? Obviously, the most fundamental function of any therapeutic session is communication. We all use verbal and non-verbal ways of expressing ourselves that have been influenced by the culture in which we were raised. These styles can vary dramatically for people from other backgrounds. For example: †¢ Personal Space: In the United States it is common for people to stand about 3 feet apart when having a personal conversation. In other cultures, people may typically stand close, which may feel awkward to someone unfamiliar with this style. †¢ Eye Contact and Feedback Behaviors: In the United States, individuals are encouraged to look each other directly in the eye and participate actively in feedback behaviors (leaning forward, smiling, nodding, etc. ). In contrast, people from other backgrounds may show respect or deference by not engaging in eye contact or participating more passively in their body language. †¢ Interruption and Turn-taking Behaviors: Most Americans have come to expect a conversation to progress linearly, while in other cultures it may be more natural for several people to be talking at once. Listening skills to deal with different turn-taking rules must be developed. †¢ Gesturing: Hand and arm gesturing can vary quite a bit in different cultural backgrounds. In general, extra gesturing should not necessarily be interpreted as excitement since it can just be an ordinary manner of communication, depending on the speaker. †¢ Facial Expression: Variance in this form of communication is also common, and again it is important to not assume that someone is cold or distressed based solely on one’s own cultural experience.

ESP Methodology And Syllabus

ESP Methodology And Syllabus It is debatable whether ESP has a distinctive methodology and syllabus. This paper argues that methodology and syllabus design in English Language Teaching (ELT) andESP differ little and that it is not possible to say whether general ELT has borrowed ideas for methodology from ESP or whether ESP has borrowed ideas from general ELT. two characteristic features of ESP methodology are identified: ESP can base activities on students specialism, and ESP activities can have a truly authentic purpose derived from students target needs. Dudley-Evans and St. John(1998) maintain that what characterizes ESP methodology is the use of tasks and activities reflecting the students specialist area Introduction In the 1970s, EFL teachers first ventured out of the Arts Faculty and the gentle landscape of language and literature into the land beyond the mountains inhabited by illiterate and savage tribes called scientists, businessmen and engineers, wrote Ramsden (2002). In the light of this quotation, Ramsden pours his scorn over the turning point in the history of language teaching from art to science; and from English for general purposes(EGP) to English for specific purposes(ESP) . Though ESP emanates from EGP, it has established itself as a distinct trend. The distinctions between ESP and EGP are quite fuzzy. To clarify the issue, Hutchinson and Waters (1987) pointed out that there is no difference in theory, but in practice, there is a great deal. This paper delves deeply into the literature of ESP and EGP to uncover their points of similarities and differences, chiefly at the level of syllabus design , methodology and instructional materials. For the sake of clarification, theoretical preliminaries will be provided from the outset. As expected, the current paper is comparative in nature and selective in illustration. Theoretical Preliminaries: Definitions of: EGP: According to Blackwell, EGP is polarized with ESP ( English for specific purposes) to refer to contexts such as the school where needs cannot readily be specified. This view is misleading, since purpose is always inherent. EGP is more usefully considered as providing a broad foundation rather than a detailed and selective specification of goals. EGP, then, refers to that basic linguistic code that could be used in larger context and in everyday conversation. It does not take into account neither the requirements of a workplace nor needs of learners. Being general in its nature, EGP holds a sway at the core level of language instruction. ESP According to Longman dictionary of applied linguistics, ESP refers to the role of English in a language course or program of instruction in which the content and aims of the course are fixed by the specific needs of a particular group of learners. For example courses in English for academic purposes, English for science and technology, and English for Nursing. In this regards, ESP is chiefly associated with special language or register. However, Hutchinson and Waters )1987, p.19) claimed that ESP is not a particular kind of language or methodology, nor does it consist of a particular type of teaching material. Understood properly, it is an approach to language teaching. From the above definitions, one can notice that there is no absolute clear cut between ESP and EGP. To ask which one embraces the other is likely to generate divergent views. In an attempt to answer this question, Hutchinson and waters ) 1987.p.18) have drawn a tree of ELT where the ESP is just one branch of EFL/ESL, which are themselves the main branches of English Language teaching in general.. However, A closer gaze at the tree and to the ramifications of ESP and EGP uncovers the distinctive features of each. These features will be tackled in subsequent section. Distinctive features of ESP and EGP: Despite the overlapping connections between EGP and ESP, there are several differences at the level of their concerns and practices. First, the focus in ESP is on training students to conform well to the requirements of the workplace; whereas, in EGP, the main focus is on education. Widdowson( 1983) sees the difference between Education and Training as that of creativity versus conformity (in White, 1988: p.18). Second, Designing a course content in EGP is much more difficult than in ESP for the difficulty of predicting the future needs of EGP students. Knowing about only learners survival needs is quite unbeneficial because it may lead to an oversimplified language, unauthentic communicative structure and unrealistic situational content. Third, ESP learners are usually adults with an average mastery of English language. Their main purpose is to communicate and learn a set of professional skills. In EGP, the age of learners , however, varies from childhood to adulthood. Their chief purpose behind learning English is to achieve communication in the basic everyday communication. At the level of macro-skills, the four language skills are integrated and reinforced in EGP instruction, while in ESP the selection of language skills is based on needs analysis. For instance, in studying English for science and technology, the emphasis is on context and subject of the course. At the level of micro skills, EGP has shed too much attention to teaching of grammar and language structure; yet the focus in ESP is on the context and subject of the course. Finally, a distinctive feature of ESP classroom is team- teaching, where the teacher of language collaborates with subject teacher in the delivery of the lesson. This feature is , however, absent in EGP classroom where the language teacher seems sufficient to instruct broad themes. To sum up, though ESP stems from EGP, it has preserved for itself distinctive characteristics as outlined before. To sum up, Stevens states that ESP has four absolute characteristics: 1. Is designed to meet specific needs. 2. Is related to themes and topics particular to occupation. 3. Is centered on language appropriate to those activities, in terms of lexis, syntax, discourse pragmatics, semantics and so on. 4. The above is in contrast to General English (Stevens 1988 in Dudley-Evans St. John 1998: p.4). In the subsequent section, the paper will take both EGP and ESP a stage further to list the similarities and differences at the level of syllabus design. To facilitate the process of comparing and contrasting, an example of each course content will be highlighted. Syllabus design in EGP A syllabus refers to a particular plan of a course. It is a document that details the structure and operation of ones class. It can also be called the basic reference document that guides students and the instructor through a course (Breen 1984). In the current section, this section aims to uncover the salient types of syllabus adopted in EGP and ESP based on contents of two textbooks: Natural English( EGP textbook) and English for Careers: Tourism, (ESP textbook) Based on their observations of general English language courses, Brown (1995) and Richards (1990) list the following types of syllabuses. They also point out that courses are often based on a combination of: Structural (organized primarily around grammar and sentence patterns). Functional (organized around communicative functions, such as identifying, reporting, correcting, describing). Notional (organized around conceptual categories, such as duration, quantity, location). Topical (organized around themes or topics, such as health, food, clothing). Situational (organized around speech settings and the transactions associated with them, such as shopping, at the bank, at the supermarket). Skills (organized around microskills, such as listening for gist, listening for specifi c information, listening for inferences). Task- or activity-based (organized around activities, such as drawing maps, following directions, following instructions). Extract.1: Contents of Natural English , As can be observed in the content of Natural English, one of the main aims of the textbook is to enable General English learners to improve the four language skills, especially speaking and listening to everyday English. Yet, the integration of the four language skills is not the sole distinctive feature of the textbook. The contents of course book also seem to respond to the general wants of GE learners in that it all covers functions, notions, vocabulary and grammar. Each unit introduces GE learners to notions, functions and grammatical structures in an equal weight of emphasis. Thus, a point that one can infer is that EGP syllabus is integrative. Language skills as well as functions, notions, forms and semantic entries are all fused together. For example, in unit 2, the book introduces notions such as shopping and work. Concerning functions, expressing request and responding with sympathy are the main functions found in unite 1. The grammatical forms are so varied from using the present continuous to passive voice. What is so remarkable is that the communication of a notion entails the use of adequate target functions. From the design of Natural English, it is evident that the units are organized on topics. Unit one is on Cartoon Mobile Invasion, unit two on Joke lost in desert, and three on Cartoon Perfect Day. However, a striking existence of situations looms chiefly in extended speaking. Students are in front several situations, such as on train , on holiday, and are encouraged to interact , following the necessities of imagined communicative setting. To conclude, the pertinent remark we can deduce from the course content of EGP is that its syllabus is integrative and synthetic in nature. Functions, notions , forms, situations and skills gain enough space in the EGP syllabus. Nevertheless, these elements are tackled more broadly. For instance, It seems that the subjects are too general, the functions and notions are recurrent in daily life issues, and language skills are not relevant to any professional field. Now , ESP makes extensive use of content-based approaches. According to Master and Brinton (1998), CBI has the following features. The syllabus is organized around subject content; for example, in English for Careers: Tourism, an ESP textbook, the subject matter is on a number of topics from tourism, such Registration Client perceptions and supply and demand. Teaching activities are specific to the subject matter being taught and are geared to stimulate students to think and learn through the use of the target language. Language is viewed holistically, and learners learn from working with whole chunks of language and multiple skills. Content-based approaches reject synthetic approaches to course design-the idea that language or skills can be atomized into discrete items to be presented and practiced by learners one at a time. The approach makes use of authentic texts to which learners are expected primarily to respond in relation to the content. It has been argued (Hutchinson Waters, 1987) that once we remove the text from its original context, it loses some of its authenticity. For example, the intended audience is changed once the authentic text is imported into the classroom. Authenticity also relates also to the readers purpose in reading the text. For example, recommendation reports for the purchase of technical equipment are, in their original context of use, devised for the purpose of helping the reader decide which of two or more items of equipment to buy. If, however, a recommendation report is transported into a language teaching classroom and students are given an activity whose purpose is to answer c omprehension questions on it, the match between text and task is artificial. Content-based instruction tries to avoid some of these potential problems by using content (authentic texts) in ways that were similar to those in real life. Content-based approaches involve also the integration of skills. Writing often follows on from listening and reading, and students are often required to synthesize facts and ideas from multiple sources as preparation for writing (Brinton et al., 1989). In fact, ESP syllabi (in this case an English Vocational Purposes syllabus) differ from English General Purposes (EGP) syllabi, both in goals and content. Below is an outline of some major differences adapted from Widdowson (1983 in White 1988: pp.18 26), Hutchinson Waters (1987) and Stevens (1988) (both in Dudley-Evans St. John 1998: pp. 2-4). The ESP syllabus must be based on a previous analysis of the students needs, which includes not only an analysis of the situations in which the language will be used and of the language appropriate in these situations, but also an analysis of the students wants and subjective needs. The whole business of the management of language learning is far too complex to be satisfactorily catered for by a pre-packaged set of decisions embodied in teaching materials. Quite simply, even with the best intentions no single textbook can possibly work in all situations.(Sheldon, 1987: 1)If we are to prescribe content, we need to ask, whose content? Methodology Having uncovered the nuances existing between ESP and EGP syllabi, This current chapter will move a stage further to draw a comparison and contrast at level of methodology, chiefly at the types of techniques employed by each and the roles they played in serving the students needs. As defined by Robinson (1991), methodology refers to what goes on in the classroom and to what students have to do. Using technical terms, it refers to classroom activities and techniques. There are too many techniques which largely emerged in EGP classroom such as tasks, role play, simulations, and so on and so forth. These techniques soon adopted by ESP practitioners . Concerning tasks, Little John and Hicks ( ) noticed that valuable tasks in EGP have certain characteristics: they should be motivating and absorbing; and exploit learners prior knowledge. In ESP, the above criteria are also predominant, but what is specific here is that ESP tasks comprise linguistic and professional skills. For instance, medical students studying English may be assigned to carry out a series of operations as outlined below: Moreover, the role play and simulations are used differently in ESP and EGP. While dealing with simulatons in ESP, Strutridge() noticed that they were originally used in business and military training with focus on outcome rather than the means -language- of training. In EGP, the outcome was ,however, less important than the means used to achieve fluency. One should not perceive hastily that means in esp have no disregarded. Stutridge concludes that in ESP end is as important as the means. Taking case studies into account, Nunan in an outsanding research tested the validity of the technique to ESP course. He found out that it helps ESP students to draw upon their professional skills, utilizing the cognitive and behavioral styles of their work rather than of traditional language classroom. Case studies may prove difficult to be conducted by EGP learners if we take into consideration their younger age and Worse of al their professional immaturity. For ESP students who are not fully qualified in their profession, the use of case studies help to induct them into some aspects of professional culture ( Charles 337,pp.28-31) Project work is out-of-class activity used in both ESP and EGP classroom. However, Fried() observed the more advanced examples of project work would be appropriate for ESP. A final technique which is common in ESP and EGP as well is the oral presentations. Usually, they are the culmination of project or case studies conducted outside the threshold of classroom. The utility of such activity is that it trains students to develop their self autonomy and master the four skills of the target language. Word processor and PowerPoint become familiar means for presentations, Succinctly, the methodology endorsed by ESP is quite similar to that of EGP chiefly if we consider the types of techniques and activities .Yet, the ways in which techniques are employed in ESP differ a lot from that in EGP. the next chapter will attempt to decipher how material design becomes a site of innovation after the emergence of ESP. Being in its heyday, ESP materials assume a divergent way from EGP. ESP designers come up with in-house materials quite plausible to the students needs more than the General ready-made textbooks which hold their strength in EGP classrooms. Materials Design One of the common characteristics of of material design in ESP is the existence of an established tradition of ESP teachers producing in-house materials. These materials are the outcome of needs analysis. the tailor made material accounts to the learners needs more than a general textbook can do., However, several questions may emerge to the surface: What are the major factors behind the over-existence of in-house materials in ESP in contrast to its acute shortage in EGP? -what are the key features that distinguish ESP materials from EGP? One of the key factors behind the profusion of in-house materials in ESP is because of its reliance on needs analysis. Need analysis is rarely carried out in GL classroom. This is partly because of the difficulty of specifying GL learners and partly because of a lack of literature on the particularities of analyzing needs data. Needs analysis tends to be associated with ESP and is neglected in GE classroom. Hutchinson and Waters(1987,p.53-54) say that what distinguishes ESP from GE is not the existence of a need as such but rather an awareness of the needà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ for the time being, the tradition persists in GE that learners needs cannot be specified and as a result no attempt is usually made to discover learners true needs. Secondly, The fact that ESP materials are tailored to the needs of specific group of learners makes its absolute adoption by other ESP teachers futile. Even when suitable materials are available, it may not be possible to buy them because of import restric tions pointed out Hutchinson and Waters (1987,p.). If textbooks are more available in EGP than in ESP,ESP textbooks have not been immune from criticism. Ever and Boys(p.57) mount a strong a attack on the EST textbooks suggesting that most of them are designed for, or are the outcome of, remedial or supplementary courses and assume that students already possess a knowledge of Englishà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.unhappily, this is not at all understood by potential users, especially in developing countries abroad where the greatest demand for EST exists. Another strongly worded attack was that the heavy concern of ESP practitioners with methodology and approach leads them to ignore issues such the accuracy of explanations ,validity of examples and suitability of linguistic content. Because ESP materials are relevanct to target needs, This may increase the motivation of ESP students, but there are other aspects which are also highly important, such as Waters (1987: 48) put it, ESP, as much as any good teaching, needs to be intrinsically motivating. () Students should get satisfaction from the actual experience of learning, not just from the prospect of eventually using what they have learnt. The following task, for instance, could be interesting for Engineering students:. Another characteristic of ESP materials is that it is more authentic than EGP materials. The latter might be produced for the purpose of teaching language, while in ESP authenticity refers to the materials used in the students specialist workplace or study institution. Additionally, for ESP authentic text selection usually follow the needs analysis. To conclude, the whole business of language learning management is far too complex to be satisfactorily catered for by a pre-packaged set of decisions embodied in teaching materials. Quite simply, even with the best intentions no single textbook can possibly work in all situations.(Sheldon, 1987: 1). However, designing tailor made materials would in principle be motivating, authentic and innovative. Conclusion This paper has highlighted some of the issues involved in ESP curriculum development. It can be argued that language varieties are based in and extend from a common core of language. Or it can be argued that language varieties are self-contained entities. Needs analysis can be seen as an entirely pragmatic and objective endeavour to help course developers identify course content that is truly relevant to the learners, or it can be argued to have a bias in favour of the institutions and may overemphasize objective needs at the cost of subjective needs. It can be argued that syllabuses should specify content (what is to be taught). Or it can be argued that they should specify method (how language is to be taught). Some argue that the ESP courses should be as narrow-angled as possible. Others argue that this is not practica EST is in a parlous state and is being abandoned by many tertiary institutions who, like Sultan Qaboos University, found that the English teachers seemed to learn a lot of science, but the students didnt seem to learn much English

Talk Shows: Why Jerry Springer Loves our Children :: Essays Papers

Talk Shows: Why Jerry Springer Loves our Children Jerry Springer is one of the most popular daytime talk show hosts. Each day on the Jerry Springer show, guest talk about their problems in front of national television. Jerry Springer helps his guest work through their problems by adding in comments to fuel the argument. During the show, the audience is watching the problem’s unfold with a dramatic twist to the guest’s conflicting matters. A typical day on the Jerry Springer show is filled with cursing, shouting and fighting. The fighting adds to the affect of the problem and keeps the audience entertained. The problem with the Jerry Springer show comes when the youth of America watches the program after they get home from school which is around 3 or 4 o’clock in the afternoon. A show like this only promotes violence and even talks about sexual content. One example is why a woman cheated on her husband with his sister. That might sound odd or out of the ordinary, but it attracts peoples’ attention and even our children’s. In today’s society, children spend a lot of time in front of the television surfing through channels to find interesting things to watch. George Gerbner, author of Television violence; The Power and Peril, quotes, â€Å"Television, the mainstream of the new cultural environment, has brought about a radical change in the way children grew up and learn in our society† (Gebner). Children should be learning new things everyday from school and parents, not from talk shows that represent the domestic violence. Violence affects children a lot more than it would adults because children are easily convinced and more gullible. Since children are easily convinced, it is more likely for them to believe what happens on talk shows is real life and that someone is not staging the show. When watching daytime talk shows, children are watching and learning the social interactions between people who cheat, fight, steal, and are sexually deviant. Over time children could start to believe that these acts of violence are the norm. Landrea Wells a student from the University of Florida studied children and television, she states, â€Å"The general concern about violence both then and now includes the fact that there have been consistently high levels of violence throughout much of television history. Children are more vulnerable to violent acts due to the fact that they are in early stages of developing behavior patterns, attitudes, and values about social interaction†( http://iml.

Education In the Future

The future will have many new advances in education. Like the great Benjamin Franklin wrote thirteen virtues for basic living, there will be virtues in education that will be necessary to provide an equal opportunity to learn. Educational virtues will have to be followed in the future to better the knowledge of the world. Basic courtesy should be common in an educational environment. Tolerance will be needed so that everyone will have an equal opportunity to gain knowledge. No one person will learn more than others. Being opinionated of others can lead to problems, and arguments. No judgements of people should be based on knowledge. Every opinion is as valuable as another. Everyone will be treated equal, and all people will respect each other. Equality will be a very important value in the future. Education will take on many different changes, which will make the learning process a timely, organized part of life. Progression will change the way people learn. Basic skills will progress overtime. Everything will be gradually taught at a younger age. The learning process will be an important aspect of life. Observation will be an important key to everyday life, especially education. By obtaining information by using ears rather than words, everyone can hear what everyone has to say. Effort is key to developing a full rewarding education. By trying the hardest for everything, there can be great rewards. All people may reach full potential, if there is an aspiration to succeed. Everyone should be driven to learn and grow smarter. By having full awareness to details and paying attention to them, everything should come naturally. In general, education will pave the way to the future, by changing the way people think. By having goodwill and using special skills for the good of all, there should be no intent to harm another through what is not known. Devotion is a positive attribute that helps all people attain a higher level of knowledge. By contributing all thoughts others do not have, everyone can have the same level of understanding. Balance is needed to help spread the learning process out, over the period of a lifetime, and to prevent overdoing it too quickly. By having control people will learn to respect authority. Learning to control anger and aggression towards one another will lead to unity. There is a total abundance of information that can be learned through the education process. There is no limit or maximum amount of knowledge that can be gained during a lifetime. Educational virtues will be needed in the future to better the knowledge of the world. Learning will be a lifelong steady process. It will be rewarding and challenging yet fun and enjoyable. Courtesy to others will be necessary to find unity and peace. The learning process will be in every part of daily life. Education will make the future a better place to live by paving the way people think. Just as Benjamin Franklin†s virtues were created to turn bad habits into good, educational virtues will make learning a smoother part of life and will provide a path for all children to follow in the future.

Financial Analysis The Clipboard Tablet Co.

Financial Analysis The Clipboard Tablet Co. Overview The Clipboard Tablet Co. is a firm that was run by Joe Schmoe at a time when the company required the development of new products. The company developed three distinct products namely X5, X6 and X7 PC tablets. As a new VP in charge of the company’s marketing department, I have seen assigned a task to analyze the performance of the company under Joe’s tenure in the past six years.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Financial Analysis The Clipboard Tablet Co. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the process of undertaking analysis of the company’s performance, we had to look into the organizational development of the Clipboard Tablet Company. Joe Schmoe’s tenure in charge of sales and marketing was marked by the sale of X5, X6 and X7 tablet models. The analysis of the Clipboard Tablet Co. focused on the financial analysis of the company, the sales and profitability of the three tab let products over a 6 year period. Analysis The analysis markers for the Clipboard Tablet Co. include product development, sales, pricing and performance compared to its competitors. The analysis of these markers is shown below: Product Development In relation to Clipboard Tablet Co. we have to look into the products of the company which are X5, X6 and X7 tablets developed and marketed by the company. The X7 tablet developed in the year 2010, it was launched, marketed and sold in the year 2011. In terms of the development of other tablets by the company, we look at X5 and X6 as products of the company. X5 and X6 tablets were developed prior to the year 2010 and thus they were developed earlier and the sales of these tablets were based on improvements of features and add-ons (Yaeger, 2009). The company did not abolish or come up with new clone versions of the tablet and thus sales relied upon the popularity of the old versions of X5 and X6 tablets. We made an analysis of the allocati on of funds to the RD department over the last six years. From our analysis, we witness that the company spent small in terms of the development of new products. For instance, in the years 2010 and 2011, the company retained RD expenses at around $ 22 million. While in the years preceding 2015, the company spent less and less on the development of new products (Stice, 2010). The RD costs kept reducing at a level of around 30% and the only new product that was developed was the X7 tablet.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Sales The analysis of the sales the products X5, X6 and X7 shows that the Clipboard Tablet Co. performed well in the past six years. The sales performance of the tablets shows that the company sold a lot of X5 tablets in the last six years. In the year 2010, the company sold close to 1 million units of X5 tablet which netted the company around $ 249 million. The X5 tablet sold a lot of units in that year and the performance of X6 was also exemplary. As a result, based on the analysis of the sales performance, we notice that the sales of all products were on a growth path (McDonald, 2011). The sales figures for the X5 tablet have shown a growth in the figures from the 2010 period all the way to the year 2012. The increase in sales contributed to around 67% rise in the sales of X5. From the year 2013 to 2015, the sales of the X5 tablet declined tremendously by around 67%. Sales in many ways contribute to good profit margins and thus we had to analyze the profit margins brought about by the sale the tablets (Jones, 2011). Based on the data from the sale of the three tablets we realize that the revenues of the X5 tablet kept decreasing as time went by. As a result, the company profits with time were decreasing to a level that the revenue for X5 tablets amounted to around $ 137 million in the year 2015. This is compared to the initial revenue of around $ 248 million that the tablet realized in the year 2010. On the other hand, the X7 tablet realized revenues of around $ 30.3 million in its initial year of 2011 and this has grown to around $ 122 million by the end of 2015. This shows that while the sales growth figures grew by around 30% per annum the sales for the X7 tablet the sales figures for the X5 tablet declined by around the same margin over the same period. Pricing In the process of marketing and selling goods, it is important to market and sell your goods within a good price range. The tablets were sold at different market prices due to their differences in terms of performance. In the last 6 years starting from 2010 thru to 2015, the X5 tablet retailed at a fixed price of $ 265 while the X6 was sold at $ 420 and the X 7 at $ 195. The major driving force for determining the price of the tablets was the superiority and the popularity of the tablet brand.Advertising We will write a custom c ase study sample on Financial Analysis The Clipboard Tablet Co. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Performance Measuring the performance of a company depends on the performance of its products, finances and analysis of the competition. Based on the sales prices of the tablets, the Clipboard Tablet Co. maintained steady prices for the tablet at around $ 265, 420 and 195 respectively for the X5, X6 and X7 tablets. This was in comparison to the prices for other tablets which sold at different retail prices. For instance, the most tablets retailed at around $ 200 up to $ 700 for high end tablets. Thus, based on this assessment we can contend that the Clipboard Tablet’s Co.’s competitors were performing well compared to the company. In terms of sales and revenue income, the company’s revenues continued to dip as revenue for its popular X5 and X6 brands continued to drop while the X7 sales were not picking up fast to catch up wi th the low sales of the other brands (McDonald, 2011). As a result, the company’s position compared to its competitors was dismal. Summary The analysis of the Clipboard Tablet Co.’s performance under Joe shows lack of foresight and strategic planning necessary in organizational development. Product development is a major in the process of selling consumer goods. As a result, Joe should have emphasized on the development of new products for the company since the company relies totally on the development and sale of tablets. For instance, in the last 6 years the company’s RD and fixed costs have remained the same while the revenues and profits have changed significantly. This is a mismatch of needs that should have been addressed a long time ago when the company was in need of restructuring. Moreover, allocation of costs was done in a manner whereby they were equally shared among the three main product segments for the Clipboard Tablet Company. As a result, in the periods 2010 to 2012, the X5 tablet sold more than the X6 and X7 brands and the reverse was witnessed between 2013 and 2015. In terms of sales and revenue, the company experienced high sales and revenue in the years 2012 and 2013. While the lowest revenues were witnessed in the years 2010 and 2015 due to poor sales of all the products ranges (Jones, 2011). The major problem in terms of sales was in pricing and timing since the company did not undertake good pricing models that would have netted the company good revenue streams. For instance, in the early years the company could have priced the X5 tablet as a premium product while discount on the other X6 and X7 tablets.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As a result, the sales units coupled with good pricing models would have netted the company good sales revenues. In general the performance of the company has been declining based on the revenue and profit figures (Stice, 2010). Since the company has a product mix that does not sell to well and pricing strategy that puts the company in a weak position compared to its competitors. The best strategy that would have been adopted by Joe was to sell the X5, X6, and X7 tablets at premium prices when the demand was high and discount new products as a means of attracting new consumers. Moreover, the company should have shelved the X5 tablet once demand had dipped to save the company from losses. References Jones, J., Heitger, D. Mowen, M. (2011). Cornerstones of Financial and Managerial Accounting. Sydney: Cengage Learning. McDonald, M., Payne, A. Frow P. (2011). Marketing Plans for Services: A Complete Guide. Chicago, IL: John Wiley and Sons. Stice, J. Swain, M. (2010). Accounting: Conc epts and Applications: Concepts and Applications. New York, NY: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Yaeger, T. Sorensen, P. (2009). Strategic Organization Development: Managing Change for Success. Boston, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning.

How to Write a Research Paper in APA Style

How to Write a Research Paper in APA Style APA is a writing format that was set by the American Psychological Association. This style is most preferred by colleges and graduate schools. It is used for social sciences and is based on the idea that scientific papers discuss facts already proven to be true, and that the year in which a piece of work was published is important and should, therefore, be included in the in-text citations. One of the basic elements of APA is that all text should be double-spaced. The document used should be standard-sized (8.5† x 11†). All margins should be set at 1†. The recommended font is Times New Roman at 12pt. This, however, may differ in accordance to given instructions. On every page, include a page header or running head. It shows a shortened version of the paper’s title in capital letters, as well as the page numbers. Research papers written using APA style have four main sections. On the Title page is the paper’s title, student’s name, and the institution. The page header should look like this: â€Å"Running head: PAPER TITLE†, and should be flushed to the left, with the page number to the right. Note that in other pages, the page header looks like this; â€Å"PAPER TITLE† and is also flushed to the left, with the page number to the right. The second section is the Abstract, which should also be on a distinct page. It too should have a page header. The topic â€Å"Abstract† should be centered with no bold text or any other form of formatting. This section highlights key points of the paper, and should be between 150 to 250 words long. You can also include your key words on the abstract page. The third section is the Main Body and the fourth one is the References page. As is commonly known, when writing a paper one should always make sure to submit work that is 100% plagiarism free. This is achieved by paraphrasing and using parenthetical citations. Direct quotations are enclosed in quotation marks or are indented from the rest of the body. This is followed by an in-text citation to give reference to the work’s owner. When in-text citations are being used, include the last name of the author, and then the year of publication. Do not forget to use a comma to separate items enclosed in parenthesis. When you use a direct quote, please add the exact page number relating to the text, e.g., (Hall, 2013, p. 87). All the sources used should then be listed on a separate References page, after the main part of the paper. Please refer to one of the several APA guideline websites available online, such as the Purdue Online Writing Lab, for further assistance on how to do this. Additionally you can get professional APA style research paper help from academic writers at CustomWritings.com. They will write your research paper in this format!

Platos Description of Forms

Platos Description of Forms Free Online Research Papers Plato’s description of forms makes sense in the eyes of civilization and the process of education. If a prisoner sees nothing but shadows his whole life then he is raised to believe that life is a matter of shadows. With a proper introduction, into the world around him, would help him understand the world he is actually in. This education would not be able to be accomplished in a matter of seconds, and would take time to teach him about everything in the cave prior to, him walking out and seeing the â€Å"Real World†. Now as this man is taught, his discipline would sustain him through his thought process, as long as he has a sense of discipline. In my opinion though, Plato put it in a simple format. There would have to be many other factors that would have to be taught to the prisoner, before the prisoner could fully respect the world around him, i.e. right and wrong. It would be immoral to introduce a man to the world in a split second. The man would be no more than a cave dweller, who runs ramped with out boundaries. He would no doubt be using his natural instincts. If the prisoner was introduced to the world, and the man had a better understanding of the world around him, when returned to his place as a prisoner in the world, it would no doubt drive the man insane, knowing that there was something better than darkness and shadows. While I read about Plato’s idea of â€Å"Good†, I feel that â€Å"Good† is actually a reference to Nature and being related directly to God. The reason I say this is because Plato referred to the sun as a descendant of god. Therefore, the sun provides God’s will upon the subjects of Earth/Universe. We are going to take a trip for a minute. Let’s say for one moment that Nature wasn’t something God created to regulate the beings on Earth/Universe, then, like dirt; animals; plants; water; we as humans would have complete control over Nature. Humans have a misunderstanding of control. The reality is that humans have no control over anything other than their own actions. That puts humans into the society we have today, where we have no choice but to fit in. The idea mankind carries is, that people are and will be completely and totally right until the end of our existence, which, will be at our own demise due to our unwillingness to unders tand every aspect of Life. Unless, we start to completely understand that we cannot create life, other than offspring, but we do have the capability to destroy life. Research Papers on Plato's Description of FormsGenetic EngineeringThe Spring and AutumnCapital PunishmentMind TravelHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayHip-Hop is ArtEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenStandardized TestingRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andThree Concepts of Psychodynamic

Violence in a Rose for Emily Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Violence in a Rose for Emily - Essay Example Therefore, it is not an easy task even for law enforcers to be involved in certain violent acts that could be potentially considered criminal as in the case of such portrayal in William Faulkner’s short story A Rose for Emily. Marvin Eugene Wolfgang, the most influential criminologist in the English speaking world had his interest in the subcultures of violence where he theorizes the origins of violence (Silverman). One of the theories as observed from the high rates of crime in Southern America is based on the values and norms which either support violence or does not prohibit such (Lee & Bartkowski). From this perspective, it could be fairly said that some of the elements of the aforementioned short story are accurate. For instance, when Emily bought arsenic from the druggist, the townspeople were quick to suspect that she would kill herself and yet did not do anything to prevent the woman from doing so, rather were quite agreeable of the idea. Such a reaction seemed to give a thumb up to suicide and encourage a person that killing one’s self would be best when all is not going well. ... ther angle, in the murder of Homer Barron, the neighbors and law enforcers of the town have been quite lenient with an investigation regarding the foul smell that came from Emily’s house. They knew that the woman bought some arsenic just a few days before the foul smell filled the neighborhood air and that they even suspected she would kill herself. When they still found evidences of her being alive when her place got smelly, they should have suspected about the smell and spent more serious time considering what might have happened. The absence of Barron after he was last seen entering Emily’s house was totally scratched from the picture which shows how her people could easily think highly of a noblesse oblige, that she could not possibly kill a northerner who they supposed was married to her. This, and the aforementioned prospect of Emily killing herself brings about the picture of the people in her town where they take separately murder in different levels that is, Em ily can possibly kill herself and that is fine with them and Emily cannot possibly kill Barron which is revealed in the end was what happened in the story (Kennedy). Looking at the effects of the values and norms of the people in A Rose for Emily, a crime was performed and was never found out until the perpetrator died. The words of Judge Stevens, â€Å"Dammit, sir, will you accuse a lady to her face of smelling bad?† seemed to be more of an attempt to protect Emily than to show respect to her. It is true that circumstantial evidences might have been known for suspicion and there is also the consideration of the limitations of the law and enforcers however, there was also no evidence of some extended effort to know about the foul smell that was affecting the neighbors because they seemed to be afraid

Student induction program Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Student induction program - Case Study Example The literature on induction in the formal literature such as journals, books, and scholarly publications are not many. Perhaps this manifests a situation in which the role of induction in education is being underestimated. Nevertheless, when this research was conducted, similar efforts were initiated by other students and the findings of this study can be validated by the said studies. Is the induction program of the University of East London working well or successful' What factors are affecting its success' In particular, do gender and student age factors come into play for its success' Is the availability of the university "information pack" also playing a role for the success of the university induction program' How can we improve the induction program of the University of East London' The basic design of this research is to combine quantitative and qualitative research. The qualitative research will be useful in the assessment of success of the induction program based on beneficiary perception of satisfaction or non-satisfaction on the implementation of the program. Meanwhile, the qualitative research component of this study is meant to elicit recommendations on how the induction program can be improved. The recommendations were be elicited from the target beneficiaries of the University of East London: the students. ... The quantitative research will be implemented through a random sample of respondents. In contrast, the qualitative research will be implemented through a non-probability sample of a quota of five students from the random sample. In the latter, there is no intention to create possibilities for inference because the emphasis is to obtain insights from the target beneficiaries of the University of East London. Instruments As mentioned, two data gathering instruments were employed for the study: 1) a questionnaire for quantitative research or survey; and 2) an interview instrument for the qualitative research. The first instrument focuses on respondent profile, the impact of the induction program on the respondents, data that can indicate whether the induction program of the University of London has been successful, and on the variables that may be affecting the success of the University of East London's induction program. In contrast, the second instrument which is an instrument for qualitative research, seeks to enlist respondent insights from a quota of five respondents on how the induction program at the university can be improved. Scope and limitation While the random sampling of this study can be used for inferential statistics, inferential statistics will not be used in view of the author's limitations on time and resources. Because of such limitations, not enough sample size was obtained for greater accuracy although inferential statistics can be applied on the sample using Walpole & Myers (1999, p. 265) to make estimates on the population proportion. Using a larger sample size will even make possible the test of hypotheses on proportions (Walpole & Myers, pp. 337-388) but this is not

Holocaust analysing genocide represented by Levi and Sartre Essay

Holocaust analysing genocide represented by Levi and Sartre - Essay Example Other cities will follow suit, precisely in this fashion, until all Germany has been completely cleansed of Jews.† (El-Shahawy, 148) According to eminent scholars like Yehuda Bauer, Raul Hilberg and lucy Dawidowicz the Nazi extermination of Jews and other inferior races following the Nazi definition in 1940s is the direct descendents of medieval programs. This holds merit owing to the fact that the German society and culture was fluxed with anti-Semitism from the Middle Ages. This hatred was directly translated into harassment and mass departure of the five hundred and twenty five thousand German Jews as soon as Hitler stormed into the power of Germany. The 1930s witnessed a series of laws passed against the Jews living in Germany that robbed them of their freedom and livelihood. Among these laws; the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, the physician’s law and the farm law were notable ones. Though different in nature yet all these laws had one thi ng common in them to squeeze the Jews as much as possible. In later half of the 1930’s Jews were even prevented from attending schools and owning newspapers. The Nuremberg Laws of 1935 prevented the Jews from marrying a so-called Aryans. The law also barred Jews from civil service and robbed them off their citizenship along with their civil rights. However the inferno of hate that was swallowing the Jews at that time soon realised that law alone would not serve the desired goal and at that juncture the term final solution first time floated on the air. However many eminent Jew intellectuals left Germany before more strict steps were to be taken. The situation was lacking a spark to ignite and the 1938 assault of German diplomat Ernst vom Rath by Herschel Grunspan of Jewish nationality provided that. After the invasion of Poland after September 1939 by the Germany the resettlement of Jews became an important issue to the Germans and Ghettos follow suit at rail junctions as the first step to successful future measures of the Jew problem. In 1961 Adolf Eichmann in his testimony confirmed that future measure was nothing but the physical extermination of Jews or in other words the holocaust or genocide of Jew. (El-Shahawy, 147-157) The aforesaid discussion reveals the series of phenomenon that led to the Jew genocide by Germans during the Second World War. It is worth of exploring the inherent factors that remained embedded into these events. In this regard referring Jean Paul Sartre’s Anti Semite and Jew would be extremely important. Sartre opines that The anti Semites are actually mediocre person and the route of their mediocrity lies in their constant fear of loneliness that eventually led to their collective hatred of Jews. According to Sartre the hatred of the Jews by the Nazis is unreal and created and he observes, â€Å"If the Jew did not exist, the anti-Semite would invent him†¦Ordinarily hate and anger have a provocation†¦Anti-Semi tic passion could not have such a character.† (Sartre, 340) Sartre moves on to illustrate the actual inner being of an anti-Semite as rigid and blind folded to truth and reasoning. Furthermore he is constantly trying to close all the doors and windows to the outer world. According to Sartre an anti- Semite carries a self imposed character than a real one that gets provoked and irritated on others at his own wish â€Å"He has chosen also to be terrifying†¦

Machiavelli's view of human nature in The Prince Essay

Machiavelli's view of human nature in The Prince - Essay Example Machiavelli's view of human nature in The Prince In chapter 15, Machiavelli writes, â€Å"men†¦and princes†¦, are remarkable for some of those qualities which bring them either blame of praise† (Machiavelli, 1961). The princes show those characters that will not deprive him of his state. In this case, men follow what brings them benefit even if it is a vice – â€Å"it will be found that something which looks like a virtue, if followed, would be his ruin; whilst something else, which looks like a vice, yet followed brings him security and prosperity.† Being in the highest position of the land, and with the highest authority, the prince should put in effect policies that will serve his best interest (Machiavelli, 1961). This shows that Machiavelli supported any action of princes that will give them satisfaction, even if it will hurt the citizens. He believed that the prince’s followers are sometimes unreliable, and the prince might lose their loyalty. This is indicated in chapter 11: â€Å"For such a prince cannot rely upon what he observes in quiet times, when citizens have need of the state, because then everyone agrees with him; they all promise, and when death is far distant they all wish to die for him; but in troubled times, when the state has need of its citizens, then he finds but few† (Machiavelli, 1961). The prince should therefore ensure that at every moment citizens are in need of the state, and they will always be faithful to him.

Operatiom management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Operatiom management - Essay Example There is need to analyze the concept of organizational communication by making an assessment on a chosen case. This will include the creation of a case and analyze the case. Once the case has been created and analyzed, the paper will highlight an assessment on the case and its analysis. The following case is based on a personal experience in an organization that was embracing the Maori culture. I worked as a junior employee at Tikanga Maori Consulting, Inc. since its incorporation the company was based on the culture of the Maori community found in New Zealand. The operations of the company were based on values and beliefs of the Maori culture. The founding members of the organization were determined to protect the Maori culture and made every efforts towards making sure that any stakeholders in the company respected the values and customs of the company that were based on the Maori culture. This was evident in the way the company had designed its vision statement. The company‘s vision statement purely focused on Maori norms and values. The company communicated these values in the Maori language in efforts aimed at reinforcing the approach of communicating the organization’s culture to the stakeholders. The company developed over a long period of time and grew into a big organization with approximately over 100 employees. The growth of an organization often represents a difficult situation in terms of managing the number of employees. However, the organization was able to manage its large number of employees because it had also grown to develop its culture. Employees were in unity with the company management because the company had made a point to always communicate to the employees about the different values of the company. The philosophy of the company was based on developing and preserving the Maori culture. The

The Efficient Market Hypothesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

The Efficient Market Hypothesis - Essay Example This form of hypothesis shows that it is impossible for an individual to outperform a market by using any type of information that is known in the market except through good luck. The information or news that deals with the Efficient Market Hypothesis states that anything can affect the prices of the traded assets and the effects realized in the future trading period of a company. It has been noted that on average, competition makes the full effect of the new information that consists of intrinsic values to be reflected immediately on the actual prices of the traded assets. The investors in most cases check for the securities that have been undervalued and those whose value would increase in the future so as to make a concise decision on how to carry out their operations within a stipulated period of time. An efficient market is a market that is considered to have many people in the market who are informed about the existence of the stocks and are ready to maximize profits through carrying out the business activities. The market thus shows the prices of different goods and services in the market and relevant information concerning the activities as well as the events that may be taking place within a stipulated period of time. ... The technical analysis involves the process of searching for the recurrent and the predicable patterns that are in the stock prices so as to increase the returns of an organization. Where past prices do not contain any useful information for predicting the future prices, then, there is no use of using this form of technical trading rule within an organization. Fundamental analysis is another form of analysis that involves the use of earnings and the dividend prospects of a firm, the expectations of the future interest rates and the evaluation of the risk factors to determine the right prices of stocks. Efficient Market Hypothesis therefore predicts that the fundamental analysis may fail anytime of the year. The Efficient Market hypothesis theory states that it is impossible to outperform a market since the prices are already incorporated and can reflect on all the relevant information that is required. In case an investor engages himself or herself in the business of buying or selling securities, then this is termed as a game of chance and not of skill. There are some instances where the markets are efficient and they have current information. In this case then, we have the prices reflecting information that does not show how to buy the stocks at a bargain price. The stocks should therefore be traded at fair values on the stock exchange so that the investors may not purchase the stock at an under price or even sell them at inflated prices (Teweles, Jones, and Warwick, 1998: 113). In case this procedure is followed, then, the market cannot be outperformed through using the expert stock selection or the market timing process and in this case only the investor can be in a position to obtain

Machiavelli's view of human nature in The Prince Essay

Machiavelli's view of human nature in The Prince - Essay Example Machiavelli's view of human nature in The Prince In chapter 15, Machiavelli writes, â€Å"men†¦and princes†¦, are remarkable for some of those qualities which bring them either blame of praise† (Machiavelli, 1961). The princes show those characters that will not deprive him of his state. In this case, men follow what brings them benefit even if it is a vice – â€Å"it will be found that something which looks like a virtue, if followed, would be his ruin; whilst something else, which looks like a vice, yet followed brings him security and prosperity.† Being in the highest position of the land, and with the highest authority, the prince should put in effect policies that will serve his best interest (Machiavelli, 1961). This shows that Machiavelli supported any action of princes that will give them satisfaction, even if it will hurt the citizens. He believed that the prince’s followers are sometimes unreliable, and the prince might lose their loyalty. This is indicated in chapter 11: â€Å"For such a prince cannot rely upon what he observes in quiet times, when citizens have need of the state, because then everyone agrees with him; they all promise, and when death is far distant they all wish to die for him; but in troubled times, when the state has need of its citizens, then he finds but few† (Machiavelli, 1961). The prince should therefore ensure that at every moment citizens are in need of the state, and they will always be faithful to him.

The Efficient Market Hypothesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

The Efficient Market Hypothesis - Essay Example This form of hypothesis shows that it is impossible for an individual to outperform a market by using any type of information that is known in the market except through good luck. The information or news that deals with the Efficient Market Hypothesis states that anything can affect the prices of the traded assets and the effects realized in the future trading period of a company. It has been noted that on average, competition makes the full effect of the new information that consists of intrinsic values to be reflected immediately on the actual prices of the traded assets. The investors in most cases check for the securities that have been undervalued and those whose value would increase in the future so as to make a concise decision on how to carry out their operations within a stipulated period of time. An efficient market is a market that is considered to have many people in the market who are informed about the existence of the stocks and are ready to maximize profits through carrying out the business activities. The market thus shows the prices of different goods and services in the market and relevant information concerning the activities as well as the events that may be taking place within a stipulated period of time. ... The technical analysis involves the process of searching for the recurrent and the predicable patterns that are in the stock prices so as to increase the returns of an organization. Where past prices do not contain any useful information for predicting the future prices, then, there is no use of using this form of technical trading rule within an organization. Fundamental analysis is another form of analysis that involves the use of earnings and the dividend prospects of a firm, the expectations of the future interest rates and the evaluation of the risk factors to determine the right prices of stocks. Efficient Market Hypothesis therefore predicts that the fundamental analysis may fail anytime of the year. The Efficient Market hypothesis theory states that it is impossible to outperform a market since the prices are already incorporated and can reflect on all the relevant information that is required. In case an investor engages himself or herself in the business of buying or selling securities, then this is termed as a game of chance and not of skill. There are some instances where the markets are efficient and they have current information. In this case then, we have the prices reflecting information that does not show how to buy the stocks at a bargain price. The stocks should therefore be traded at fair values on the stock exchange so that the investors may not purchase the stock at an under price or even sell them at inflated prices (Teweles, Jones, and Warwick, 1998: 113). In case this procedure is followed, then, the market cannot be outperformed through using the expert stock selection or the market timing process and in this case only the investor can be in a position to obtain

Louis Xiv Essay Example for Free

Louis Xiv Essay Sam Jones Mr. Johnson Social Studies 13 July 2011 Life of the Common People under Louis XIV’s Rule An Absolute Monarchy was a new concept to the people of France during the 1600’s. Other forms of government were failing from lack of control, so the people of France turned to an Absolute Monarch, named Louis XIV. The only problem with Louis was that he was self-centered, and did not care a whole lot about governing his kingdom. He was more concerned with making himself looking good, and even went as far to call himself the â€Å"Sun God. † As a result, the French common people lived very rough lives, due to the neglect of their king. It was not an easy life for the French people under King Louis XIV’s rule, and it was not made better by his view on governing. This is shown through his lack of genuine care for his people, over taxation, and wars of the time. City life was very harsh on people, and this is shown by the fact that King Louis XIV himself did not live in the city. The people of Paris were starving because of a war happening; all of the food is going to the troops. Louis handles this problem by showing his generous heart, and giving the people spoiled food to eat. This action caused unrest and rioting, which was a problem for King Louis. The citizens of Paris were treated as mere objects and not people, and this would be hard to live with. Harsh living conditions made life hard as it is, and the spoiled food added to their loathsome lives. During king Louis XIV’s reign, he fought many wars in order to expand his territory. This caused many people who did not want to fight, be forced to join in wars they didn’t believe in. King Louis would even go as far as to send women’s loved ones into combat, just so when they died their inevitable death, he could have their significant other. Also, wars caused even more poverty for the people of France. In an instance where a woman’s husband was killed in combat, the wife would be left to supply their family with food. The social status of women at the time was very low, so it would be very hard for any woman to find a well paying job, causing even more starvation. This is the kind of environment the people of France lived in, and it was not an easy one. If war and a selfish king wasn’t enough, the people of France were also being heavily taxed. War wasn’t cheep, and King Louis needed some way to finance it. The simple solution was to tax the already poor French people. The people were already starving, and the heavy taxation made the burden of life much heavier. No money, meant no food, which made the people very upset at the king. Life wasn’t easy as it was, and lack of food and money made it unbearable. Absolute monarchy had its advantages and disadvantages. Many small issues may have been resolved, but under King Louis XIV, new problems arose. People starved, were forced to fight, and were overtaxed. Life was rough, and the rule of King Louis was not helping make it better. The citizens of France got what they wanted with an Absolute monarch, but their burdensome lives did not improve.

Techniques for Evaluation of Evidences in Forensic Casework

Techniques for Evaluation of Evidences in Forensic Casework Modern Techniques Used For the Evaluation of Evidences Collected In Forensic Casework: A Review Abstract In the modern era, many technological developments have been made in the field of science as well as forensic science which stand powerful and strong to overcome the issues involved in forensic casework. In this review, three emerging techniques have been discussed that proved helpful for the forensic analysis. One of them is Stereo lithography which is being used for prototyping purposes which involves fabrication of three dimensional structures (3D modeling) for this purpose some complex mathematical measurements, biological and chemical informational data is required. At the second number, Ambient mass spectrometry (ambient MS) comes which is also a very emerging and powerful method for the identification of explosives materials even at the nanogram levels, for the analysis of pharmaceutical products (e.g. tablets), authentication of ink and document, identification of biological fluids such as urine and blood plasma and also for the testing of metabolites present in breathâ€℠¢s air. Third most widely used technology for glass fragments analysis is Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), even for the trace evidence collected from the criminal site. Keywords: Forensic casework, Prototyping, 3D modeling, Ambient MS, metabolites. Introduction These three powerful techniques are mentioned below: Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS): Glass elements represent a very valuable class of evidence, even in trace amount. Many other materials that present in trace amount, they are simply moved from victim to defendant and ignored very simply by the accused. While in case of broken glass particles, even minor particles can be proved very helpful to find important ways of solving the hurdle like the direction and speed of the bullets and their impact on the glass that is being analyzed(1). LA-ICP-MS is a very sensitive machine that converts the glass materials into very small size, even up to their atomic size.(2) After that the matching is done of the sample that collected from the crime site. Then the similarities are checked and make the statement about the accused person, on the basis of the evaluation of evidence, collected from a crime site. LA-ICP-MS has another application of detection of non-metals and metals, even they are traces at very min or quantity(3). Stereo lithography: Rapid Prototyping technique that uses a laser beam to develop a sharp image of layer by solidifying or hardening of the photopolymer material(4). It develops images and specific 3D models by combining with Computer Aided Designing (CAD) that includes 3D confirmation point exchanging. In this way it helps to create images.(5) (6) For the analysis of different evidences, different operational 3D models are available. One of them is prototyping that is a very popular and accurate model for the manufacturing of images at high levels(7). CAD plans combine with this machine to generate 3D models in layer by layer sequence.(5, 8) Laser sintering and many other imaging processes are available like stereo lithography which involves the flow or movement of photopolymers like a jet in an inkjet apparatus.(9, 10) Ambient mass spectrometry: Ambient MS technology has been under considerations in this study, as it is the very rapidly emerging method for the identification of surface directly regardless any treatment before analyzing(11). This technology is very speedy and gives accurate results and facilitates as it involves no purification and removal of sample for the surface analysis. At Crime site many evidences present and different identification analysis are being done to study the toxicology and chemical residue concentrations. For this purpose desorption electrospray ionization (DESI)(12, 13),direct analysis in real time (DART)(14), plasma assisted desorption ionization (PADI)(15)and extractive electrospray surface ionization (EESI)(16), techniques play their important part. Working Principle of Technologies: LA-ICP-MS: This process is carried out by ICP-MS machine which involves three steps procedure(17), firstly the sample introduction mechanism in which the sample is being installed to the apparatus, and then the generated ions transfer into plasma and interface tube and last step involves the detection by using mass spectrometer detector.(17)MS was firstly built for the liquid sample analysis but now this technology is being used for gaseous as well as solid materials. A decade ago, solution nebulization (SN) mechanism was being used,(2, 3, 18) often for the introduction of sample into the MS machine for forensic analysis but it involved very lengthy and time consuming protocol , so to overcome this issue now a days ,sample introduction is being done by laser ablation (LA)(19-22). To generate ions of the sample, laser beam is used that focused on the analyzing sample .After that generated ions or ablated elements are further passed out to the next chamber, termed as plasma and MS interface region, digestion and ionization processes are being carried out for the sample in it. At the third stage for the isotopic and elemental examination, the generated ions by second chamber are transferred to the mass spectrometer detector. Then MS detector collects the ions and separates them on the basis of their charge to mass ratio and builds an analysis on that base identification of the unknown samples is done. Accordingly, solution nebulization (SN) requires high amount of sample to being analyzed even in milligrams (23-27), while some micrograms of the sample in quantity are just enough for laser ablation (LA) method. The main advantage of using laser ablation (LA) is no risk of contamination and loss of sample. Through a study, it is confirmed that laser ablation required only minimum 0.9 ÃŽ ¼g mass of sample for forensic glass analysis, while for SN system this amount range exceeded up to 500 ÃŽ ¼g to 2000 ÃŽ ¼g. Stereo lithography: Exposure of specific lengths of radioactive rays to the liquid polymer can converted it into the solid phase very quickly in this replication based process.(28) Ultra violet (UV) of very intensity is being fallen on the liquid layer of the photopolymer. By the UV light focusing onto the sample, some chemical changes occur that converts the liquid sample into the solid phase. This process involves the drawing of layers with the use of UV light onto the liquid sample surface(29). The conversion of liquid phase into solid phase is due to polymerization of the sample by UV light. This technique completes its process with the combination of different computer soft wares like CAD and CAE. Different types of liquid photopolymers are currently available that are being utilized for stereo lithography.(5) Many polymers are very strong, can resist in high temperature condition and low moisture situations. Oxygen inhibition is the big short coming that is being faced in prototyping technique by acrylates which are cured by UV rays. With the use of cationic and polymerization,(30) the hybrids are become able to test different types of liquid samples and this test involves the use of UV light. FDA gave approval to use some materials for these purposes are epoxy based material, rubbers and silicon like materials etc. Many other materials like nylon, polycarbonate, ABS and some type of resins are available in the market that can be used in the stereo lithography apparatus. In 1988, this system was developed for the forensic analysis. Ambient mass spectrometry: Cooks and co-researchers developed an ambient desorption method that involves desorption and ionization of sample collected from crime site, with the help of electrospray machine. For the identification of biological samples(31, 32), environmental study(33) and to check the pharmaceuticals products validity(34), in the field of forensics very modified techniques are settled that show accurate results, one of them is DESI as shown in Figure 1.(a)(35-37). For the chemical residues analysis as well as drugs of accused, a new approach was developed alongside the DESI termed as DART by Cody and his partners, although DESI is a very sensitive and accurate method(38). Ionization of particles is done by the ejection of nitrogen and helium light onto the surface in DART method as shown in Figure 1. (b). McCoustra developed a new emerging method that ionizes the material with the use of plasma source, termed as PADI as shown in Figure 1. (c). Zenobi, a scientist settled an instrument known as EESI to ionize the materials or particles with the use of directly inserted gal with full speed into the electro spray region of the mass spectrometry apparatus, in which the desorption of particles is done by the continuous flow of gas and this method helps to analyze the liquids and other solutions(39).   Ã‚   (a) (b) (c) Figure1. Schematics of source: (a) DESI (b) DART (c) PADI Applications in Forensics Forensic glass Analysis: Recently, FBI and other forensics groups have been involved in the usage of LA-ICP-MS as it has major application of analysis of broken glass, collected from a crime site, although this technology requires very big amount to run. Stereo lithography: It has current issues related applications like to study the anatomy of the body shape, it’s very useful in surgeries development (e.g. orthopedic) (5).For the development of prosthetic devices , stereo lithography’s use have been increased quite prominently . MRI data analysis and identification of bone injury produced by trauma have been carried out in recent time by this method. Identification of metabolites from breath: As the breath includes so many types of metabolites through which a lot of information about an accused can be generated. Metabolites can give information about meals and recently use of drug or alcohol by the suspect and it can also recognize the biomarkers(40). Ink analysis and document verification: The identification of inks used in writing of the documents or any other confidential report can prove the authenticity of the document in the law court. Ingredients of ink like organic solvents are separated using liquid chromatography and then further analyzed by mass spectrometry(34, 41). Conclusion In this article, we review the possible potential of different forensic analysis techniques for the evaluation of evidences, collected from criminal site. LA technique shows powerful potential for forensic glass analysis(42). DESI clearly illustrates the identification of biological samples, environmental study and to check the pharmaceuticals products validity(34). Stereo lithographic techniques are more precisely and accurately used for MRI data analysis(5). 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Desorption electrospray ionization of explosives on surfaces: sensitivity and selectivity enhancement by reactive desorption electrospray ionization. Analytical chemistry. 2005;77(21):6755-64. 36.Justes DR, Talaty N, Cotte-Rodriguez I, Cooks RG. Detection of explosives on skin using ambient ionization mass spectrometry. Chem Commun. 2007(21):2142-4. 37.Cotte-Rodriguez I, Hernandez-Soto H, Chen H, Cooks RG. In situ trace detection of peroxide explosives by desorption electrospray ionization and desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. Analytical chemistry. 2008;80(5):1512-9. 38.Gross JH. Ambient mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry: Springer; 2011. p. 621-49. 39.Takats Z, Wiseman JM, Cooks RG. Ambient mass spectrometry using desorption electrospray ionization (DESI): instrumentation, mechanisms and applications in forensics, chemistry, and biology. Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 2005;40(10):1261-75. 40.Zhu L, Gamez G, Chen HW, Huang HX, Chingin K, Zenobi R. Realà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ time, onà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ line monitoring of organic chemical reactions using extractive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 2008;22(19):2993-8. 41.Ifa D, Gumaelius L, Eberlin L, Manicke N, Cooks R. Forensic analysis of inks by imaging desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) mass spectrometry. Analyst. 2007;132(5):461-7. 42.Dodds AJ, Pollock EM, Land DP. Forensic Glass Analysis by LA-ICP-MS: Assessing the Feasibility of Correlating Windshield Composition and Supplier. 2010.