Transnational Organized Crime

Transnational Organized Crime 1) Describe the role and function of the Transnational Organized Crime Convention and the Convention’s relationship to its Protocols. The United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organised Crime (also known as the ‘Palermo Convention’) has attached to it the Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air 2000, the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, and the Protocol Against the Illicit Manufacturing and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition. The United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organised Crime was adopted by General Assembly resolution 55/25 of 15 November 2000 and is â€Å"the main instrument in the fight against transnational organized crime†. It entered into force on 29 September 2003. States that ratify the instrument commit to taking a series of measures against transnational organized crime, including the creation of domestic criminal offences; the adoption of new and sweeping frameworks for extradition, mutual legal assistance and law enforcement cooperation; and the promotion of training and technical assistance for building or upgrading the necessary capacity of national authorities. The United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organised Crime and its Protocols are not human rights instruments in themselves, but have instead been described as providing â€Å"treaty framework to help states unite to combat transnational organised crime†. One commentator views the Convention and its Protocols as a framework of guidance which needs â€Å"filling in†, particularly in the areas of the exchange of information, the registration of biodata and the building of common entrance policies. The Protocols are not binding upon signatories of the Convention itself unless the signatory also becomes a party to the Protocol. The United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime states itself that its purpose is â€Å"to promote cooperation to prevent and combat transnational organized crime more effectively†. Article 3 provides that the Convention applies to a range of offences that the Convention criminalizes when they are transnational in nature, and then spells out that such an offence is transnational in nature if: (a) It is committed in more than one State; (b) It is committed in one State but a substantial part of its preparation, planning, direction or control takes place in another State; (c) It is committed in one State but involves an organised criminal group that engages in criminal activities in more than one State; or (d) It is committed in one State but has substantial effects in another State. The Protocols then add to the list of crimes contained in the Convention. As Kofi Annan states in the foreword to the Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime, â€Å"Criminal groups have wasted no time in embracing today’s globalized economy and the sophisticated technology that goes with it. But our efforts to combat them have remained up to now very fragmented and our weapons almost obsolete. The Convention gives us a new tool to address the scourge of crime as a global problem. With enhanced international cooperation, we can have a real impact on the ability of international criminals to operate successfully and can help citizens everywhere in their often bitter struggle for safety and dignity in their homes and communities.† 2) What do we mean by the term ‘securitisation’ of transnational crime? Do you think policies that ‘securitise’ TNC are useful? In basic terms, the securitisation of transnational crime means the movement of legislative bodies from viewing crime in a cultural, social, economic and/or legal context to viewing transnational crime as a matter of national security. The Copenhagen School defines the concept of securitization: â€Å"Securitization refers to the process of presenting an issue in security terms, in other words as an existential threat†. Transnational crime may be presented as an existential threat to the security of nations through the discourse that political leaders utilise, but also through others. Transnational crime has been referred to as a security issue in the academic literature. McFarlane and McLennan claimed in 1996: â€Å"Transnational crime is now emerging as a serious threat in its own right to national and international security and stability†. In modern times, forms of transnational crime in the Asia Pacific have been securitized that is, represented by policy elites and security actors as crucial or existential threats to national and regional security. At the first summit of ASEAN heads of state and government held in Bali in 1976 President Suharto declared: â€Å"Our concept of security is inward looking, namely, to establish an orderly, peaceful and stable condition within each territory, free from any subversive elements and infiltration, wherever their origins may be†. Galeotti has recently indicated that â€Å"the struggle against organized and transnational crime will be the defining security concern of the twenty-first century†. As Emmers states â€Å"transnational crime poses a threat to states, national economies and civil societies.† He provides the example of non-state actors using terrorism to promote their political causes. In his opinion the groups are able to gain strength from their ability to forge links across national boundaries and in turn are able to threaten national sovereignty and the integrity of independent states with the result that they can effectively threaten the survival of the governments of those states. However, it is not just terrorism which may be ‘securitized’, other forms of transnational crime affect states and their societies. As Emmers again notes, â€Å"drug trafficking and money laundering reduce a government’s capacity to govern, weaken the credibility of financial institutions and undermine social order†. Nevertheless, Emmers has also expressed the opinion that the problem of transnational crime could be dealt with more effectively if it was approached primarily as a criminal matter rather than as a security issue. He notes that the concept of securitization of transnational crime can work better in some nations than others, depending on the commitment shown by those nations to tackle transnational crime in a security driven way. Comparing the US and the ASEAN states he says that in the US the securitization rather than the criminalization of terrorism has allowed the US to use more traditional security responses against al-Qaeda, with the obvious rhetoric being â€Å"War on terror†. It may therefore be argued that where a state is prepared to tackle transnational crime in traditional, often military, ways, policies that securitize transnational crime are indeed useful. However, it has been argued by Emmers that where states are not prepared or are unable to tackle transnational crime in a traditional security based way, criminalization rather than securitization, should take precedence. As Emmers states: â€Å"In the context of Southeast Asia, ASEAN may be advised to further rely on the criminalization of transnational crime, as it does not dispose over the collective will, joint political instruments and military capabilities to match its rhetorical claims about security†. He also argues that transnational crime being seen in a criminal context rather than a security one could lead to better results. In his 2002 paper he suggests that criminal activity cannot be solved by resorting to the traditional security means, such as army activation and concludes: â€Å"The US war on drugs in Columbia and its failure to reduce the supply of narcotics in America is testimony to that reality.† 3) Briefly describe the role of globalisation in modern TNC. In order to describe the role of globalisation in modern transnational crime, it is useful to consider what ‘globalization’ really means. As Gros states, â€Å"globalization does not mean the same thing to all people† and therefore there is â€Å"confusion around what it is and what it does†. Gros defines globalization as â€Å"the deregulation of national economies and financial markets, on the one hand, and their international integration under the aegis of free-market ideology on the other†. In policy terms, globalization often entails the deregulation of capital flows, eviction of the state from areas that concern production and the privatization of former state-owned enterprises, reduction in the size of government, trade liberalization and the creation of large trading blocs. Wright argues that the globalization of business serves to foster organized crime. He states that â€Å"In the case of organized crime (and arguably in the case of international business ethics) we should not be surprised at the failure of the invisible hand of the market to control malpractice.† Furthermore, he states that it is â€Å"for this reason, at least part of the solution to the problem of organized crime is not connected to law enforcement at all It is connected to the further development of the free associations of civil society which can influence government policy and eventually relegate organized crime to the status of a fringe activity.† The impact of globalization on transnational crime can be seen by looking at examples from previously communist and less capitalist regimes. As Sanz and Silverman explain, in the past 30 years or so Communist countries throughout Asia and the Pacific rim have moved toward a more capitalist economic system. These countries’ business communities have welcomed capitalism because it provides more entrepreneurs to achieve greater independence and a richer standard of living. This economic shift in turn receives support from foreign investors. Furthermore, the general population also embrace the capitalist system because it is able to provide new goods and services. As Sanz and Silverman conclude, â€Å"such changes bring us closer to a global economy which will open new markets and expand opportunities for both legitimate and criminal entrepreneurs†. This can be seen in Poland where, â€Å"many new kinds of economic and financial crimes appeared along with the free-market economic system – crimes that had been typical and known for decades in capitalist countries but which had not appeared in Poland for the past 45 years†. The voluntary relaxation or involuntary loss of state control domestically and at international borders coupled with the fact that mechanisms of state governance and incidents of sovereignty have been lost, altered, or sacrificed to produce domestic economic change and promote international trade mean an increase in the ease with which international criminals can operate. As Myers states: â€Å"while this is a gross simplification of the complex issues unique to each state individually, and to regional and global alignments generally, it points to salient factors, which have permitted criminal groups whose activities had domestic, regional or limited international impact to become transnational in scope.† 4) What role does technology play in modern TNC, both from the point of view of assisting TNC and assisting its interdiction? Following on from the impact of globalization on transnational crime is the impact of technological advances. As McFarlane comments, technology enables and increases the capacity of â€Å"transnational organised crime and terrorist groups to exploit advances in electronic banking, encryption, telecommunications, developments in global travel and commerce, and †¦ visa free regimes†. Furthermore, it may be difficult for law enforcement agencies to keep pace with the developing technologies which are capable of being exploited by criminal groups. As McFarlane states, â€Å"transnational organised crime and terrorist groups are usually small and flexible organisations capable of ‘buying the best brains’ to enable them to respond to new technologies more quickly than slow, bureaucratic government agencies†. One particular consideration is the technological advancement of travel (for example speed boats and aeroplanes). It is true that the technological advancement of transportation has had the effect of bringing Southeast Asia closer to Western markets with a quick and, relatively speaking, safe method of moving contraband. As Sanz and Silverman suggest, â€Å"global criminal ventures are now facilitated by the ease of catching a flight and quickly travelling to a country in which one is virtually unknown to the authorities†. As well as making contact between criminal organizations quicker and more accessible, allowing easily planned and accomplished transnational crimes, technological advancements also make the perpetration of certain crimes easier and has even brought new crimes into existence. Again, Sanz and Silverman comment â€Å"technological advancements†¦ make it easy to counterfeit nearly anything from currency to clothing to watches. Technology has also made it relatively easy to obtain a new identity. Medical advances have created a growing demand for human organs, while technological growth has created a market for trade secrets and information about new product research.† Since the break-up of the Soviet Union there has also been, of course, a development of a black market in high tech and nuclear weapons. In terms of transnational criminal finance, technology has had a very important role to play. As Glynn et al. (1997: 12) note, â€Å"the emergence of an electronic financial system markedly enhances opportunities for corruption, the difficulty of controlling it, and the potential damage it can inflict.† Indeed, Gros notes that anyone can move currency around the world, with at least some delay in being caught. He goes on to suggest that transnational criminal organizations are able to recognize opportunities not only in terms of transportation but also with regards the â€Å"fluidity of money markets† allowing for â€Å"movement of illicit profits in and out of countries that are at the epicentre of globalization.† However, technology is not all bad in the fight against transnational crime. For example, the tracing of transnational crime has been made easier by technology in that money can now be tracked across borders through the international banking system. See Dobinson for an interesting case study of how $40 million US dollars was traced across Australia and Hong Kong. Advances in technology also allow law enforcement agencies to update their national systems quicker, alert border control authorities and potentially enable the passing of information between states more efficiently, enabling transnational crime to be prevented, controlled and prosecuted more effectively. 5) What impact have the provisions for Mutual Legal Assistance and the Exchange of Information in the Transnational Organized Crime Convention had on the sharing of intelligence multi-laterally? As one commentator notes, â€Å"obtaining physical custody of fugitives means little absent the evidence needed to convict them at tria†l. MLATs provide assistance at all stages of criminal investigations and prosecutions. Available assistance under MLATs includes bank or other financial records, witness statements and testimony, search and seizure of people and things, and immobilization and forfeiture of the proceeds of criminal activity. As an example of how a MLAT has worked in practice, in 1997 the US made an MLAT request to Canada on behalf of prosecutors who were investigating a murder. Pursuant to the request, the US sought and obtained from the Canadian authorities the murder suspect’s car, copies of airline ticketing records, billing information and other evidence which was then used to secure a conviction. However, in the absence of a specific treaty provision, there is no mechanism whereby parties can be obliged to use formal mutual legal assistance provisions to obtain evidence abroad. In Re Sealed Case the US Court of Appeals rejected the argument that US law enforcement agencies were limited to obtaining evidence in accordance with the provisions set out in a mutual legal assistance treaty signed by the Swiss and US Governments. The appellant refused to comply with a subpoena to appear before a US court to produce documents relating to Swiss companies. Rejecting the argument that compliance with the request would be contrary to Swiss secrecy laws and in breach of international comity, the court held that it could ‘order any party within its jurisdiction to testify or produce documents regardless of a foreign sovereign’s view to the contrary. In Southeast Asia, the picture is complicated, with intelligence sharing and cooperation proving successful but only where the information is not of a nature that will challenge the political rulers of the states. As Emmers recently concluded, there has been success between Sinapore, Malaysia and the Philipines in the context of exchanged information, particularly leading to extradition proceedings. As recently as April 2007, Singapore and Indonesia signed an Extradition Treaty in order that terrorist suspects can be dealt with in the appropriate legal systems. However, despite these examples of bilateral cooperation, Southeast Asian states â€Å"resist sharing sensitive information on domestic matters that could embarrass or challenge the political positions of ruling elites†. Furthermore, difficulties in information sharing and mutual legal assistance may arise where there is a difference between the legal systems of the relevant states. For example, countries which have no mutual legal assistance treaties with Italy have tended to attract Mafia criminals, yet even where agreements have been in place other members of the Mafia have been able to live openly despite the existence of serious criminal charges outstanding against them. Jamieson provides an example of when the jurisdiction of the requested country does not acknowledge the Italian crime of membership of a mafia-type association or, as in the case of the Netherlands and Germany, where crimes of conspiracy do not exist there is a loophole created. The case of the camorra member Michele Zaza exemplified this: Zaza was wanted in Italy since 1984 on charges relating to his purported Mafia association, as well as murder and drug trafficking. His extradition was sought by Italy, however, he was allowed to live openly in France (apart from serving a two year sentence for cigarette smuggling). In fact it was not until 1993 that he was finally re-arrested and extradited to Italy, where he later died in jail. As well as the more ‘pure’ forms of mutual legal assistance provided for in modern times, training has also been an important part in collaboration. Peter Gastrow, a Special Adviser to the Minister of Safety and Security in South Africa identified the police force there as benefiting from international expertise in several areas including: detection and investigative methods; narcotics trafficking; motor vehicle thefts and smuggling; white collar crime, including money laundering and fraud; official corruption; and cross border arms smuggling. Bibliography Bantekas, I. Nash, S. (2007), International Criminal Law, Routledge-Cavendish, pg 401 Brolan, C. (2002), â€Å"An analysis of the human smuggling trade and the Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Air and Sea (2000) from a refugee protection perspective†, IJRL 14, 561 Callahan, T. (1997), â€Å"Transnational crime strikes South Africa†, Crime and Justice International, 13 (2) 9 â€Å"Denying safe haven to international criminals: international crime control strategy†, Trends in Organized Crime, 4 (1), 25 Dobinson, I. (1993), â€Å"Pinning a tail on the dragon: the Chinese and the international heroin trade†, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 39 (3), 373 Elliott, L. (2007), â€Å"Transnational environmental crime in the Asia Pacific: an ‘un(der)securitized’ security problem?†, Pacific Review 20 4, 499 Emmers, R. (2002), â€Å"The securitization of transnational crime in ASEAN†, Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies Singapore, no. 39 Emmers, R. (2007), â€Å"Comprehensive security and resilience in Southeast Asia: ASEAN’s approach to terrorism and sea piracy†. Emmers, R. (2003), â€Å"ASEAN and the securitization of transnational crime in Southeast Asia†, Pacific Review 16 3, 419 Galeotti, M. â€Å"Underworld and Upperworld: Transnational Organized Crime and Global Society† in Josselin, D. Wallace, W. (eds) (2001), Non-State Actors in World Politics, London: Palgrave Publishers, pg 216 Glynn et al. (1997: 12) Gros, J.G. (2002), â€Å"Trouble in paradise: crime and collapsed states in the age of globalisation†, British Journal of Criminology, 63 Hansen, L. (2000), â€Å"The Little Mermaid’s silent security dilemma and the absence of gender in the Copenhagen School†, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 29(2), 288 Interview with Mr J. Bijen from the IAM (‘Information and Analysis Centre for Smuggling of Human Beings’), The Hague, the Netherlands, 17 July 2000 Jamieson, A. (1995), â€Å"The transnational dimension of Italian organized crime†, Transnational Organized Crime, 1 (2), 151 McFarlane, J. (2005), â€Å"Regional and international cooperation in tackling transnational crime, terrorism and the problems of disrupted states†, JFC 301 McFarlane, J. McLennan, K. (1996), Transnational Crime: The New Security Paradigm, Working Paper no. 294, Canberra: Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University, pg 2 Myers, W. (1995), â€Å"Orb weavers – the global webs: the structure and activities of transnational ethnic Chinese criminal groups†, Transnational Organized Crime, 1 (4), 1 Plywaczewski, E. (1997), â€Å"Organized crime in Poland†, Transnational Organized Crime, 3 (3), 109 ‘Proposed Solutions to Trafficking’ (2000) 21 Refugee Reports (US Committee For Refugees) Sanz, K. Silverman, I. (1996), â€Å"The evolution and future direction of Southeast Asian criminal organizations†, Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 12 (4), 285 Singh, S. (2001), â€Å"Framing ‘South Asia’: Whose imagined region?† United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organised Crime United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime available at http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CTOC/index.html Wright, A. (1996), â€Å"Organized crime in Hungary: the transition from state to civil society†, Transnational Organized Crime, 3 (1) 68

Lord of the Flies: Is There Hope for Man? :: Lord of the Flies Essays

One of the main themes in William Golding's 1954 novel Lord of the Flies is that without civilization, there is no law and order. The expression of Golding's unorthodox and complex views are embodied in the many varied characters in the novel. One of Golding's unorthodox views is that only one aspect of the modern world keeps people from reverting back to savagery and that is society. Golding shows the extreme situations of what could possibly happen in a society composed of people taken from a structured society then put into a structureless society in the blink of an eye. First there is a need for order until the people on the island realize that there are no rules to dictate their lives and take Daveers into their own hands. Golding is also a master of contrasting characterization. This can be seen in the conflicts between the characters of Jack, the savage; Simon, the savior; and Piggy, the one with all the ideas. Arguably, the most savage person on the island is Jack Merridew. The first image of Jack and his group is presented as "something dark" and a "creature" before Golding goes on to explain "the creature was a party of boys." Ironically, that is exactly what happens. The beast turns out to be the evil within the children themselves. Jack conflicts with most of the other major characters from the beginning. He calls Piggy "Fatty" repeatedly and opposes Jack almost every step of the way. As the novel progresses, Jack becomes more domineering and assertive, slowly losing all of his former morals and civility. The one point in the novel where this happens is when Jack paints his face: "He made one cheek and one eye socket white. . ." Then Jack proceeds to cover the other half of his face in red, foreshadowing his perpetual recruiting and takeover of the island. Jack ends up as the other authority figure on the island by force and by exploiting the other boys need for savagery. The need for savagery arises because of Golding's views of humans as being vicious by nature. Jack, being a leader in his own right, can not see the light of day again once he has seen the darkness of self indulgence and absolute power. Simon, on the other hand, is not wild at all and can easily differentiate the light from the darkness.

Behavioural Skills for Business Essay

When looking at what a manager should be doing and what Richard has been doing it is easy to see that he is struggling to properly understand what being a manager actually entails. While there have been many theorists over the years all trying to show what being a manager truly means I think that Rosemary Stewart’s theory fits Richards situation perfectly. Stewart recommended a three part classification for the analysis of jobs. She focused on; Job Demands – What you must do Job Choices – The freedoms you have. Job Constraints – The limit on what you can do. When looking at Job Demands you need to look at certain things; What routine job activities must not be neglected or delegated without a penalty being incurred. When looking at Richards situation you can see that Conflict There can be many causes of conflict within a business these can include; the formation of cliques; group pressure; patterns of communication; personality clashes; assumptions about others; misuse of authority; power tactics and manipulation; general expectations and beliefs; misunderstandings; understandable beliefs and assumptions. With regards to Carole’s situation the biggest causes of conflict are due to the fact that there were personality clashes between herself and Joanne due to the fact that they couldn’t work out a way to effectively to distribute the workload and then fell out due to â€Å"bitter words were exchanged†. It doesn’t help that the patterns of communication are weak within the company when she was put in charge, an example of this is when she found out that both Joanne and Ian had taken to leaving work early via an administration officer.

Police Brutality Essay Essay Essay Example

Police Brutality Essay Essay Essay Example Police Brutality Essay Essay Essay Police Brutality Essay Essay Essay Introduction: Surveies has shown that constabulary are more likely to mistreat inkinesss instead than Whites and this is caused by racial profiling. But through the history of constabulary ferociousness. constabulary ferociousness was foremost used after a constabulary officer was described crushing a civilian in 1633. Police ferociousness is the maltreatment of force and it is normally through physical. But there are other ways to mistreat which are verbally and sometimes psychologically and this is done by a federal or province governments which are the constabulary officers. The history of constabulary ferociousness has been a rhythm and the phrases are really force. corruptness and better on what is incorrect. These has been a rhythm for many old ages through constabulary ferociousness. Police ferociousness exists in many states and non merely in the US. African American are ever targeted as â€Å"bad† people and this besides proves that there are inequality within the black community a nd the universe. There are besides certain misconducted signifiers of ferociousness but some of these are truly common in our society which are racial profiling. corruptness. false apprehension and infixing fright into civilians. There are many other instances that were really targeted chiefly on inkinesss and this causes unjust justness. Police’s docket is to fundamentally contend and protect civilians every bit good as being the peace keepers and neer being the 1 that harm any civilians without proper blessing or warrant to an apprehension or to an even greater extend which is physically. verbally or psychologically harming the opposed civilian on the error he/she has done. Polices are the 1s that set an image towards the society so that people can really follow them and believe they are making the right thing. nevertheless it is a truly distressing affair cognizing that constabulary does racial profiling particularly compared to Whites and inkinesss. And hence. this research paper is about constabulary will most probably be more important to inkinesss compare to Whites and this is known as racial profiling. Police ferociousness and racism in the United states Police ferociousness and racism has played a large function in degrading the safeness of US every bit good as degrading the repute of the governments through these jobs. there are significantly immense sum of statistics studies on constabularies ferociousness. Even though these instances are brought up to tribunal. out of 5986 studies merely 33 % went through strong belief and 64 % received prison sentences. American constabulary officers have used deadly arms to kill more than terrorist did since the Vietnam War. And at least one time a twelvemonth. there is ever a individual beaten by a Police Officer. And this is ever shown as abusive of authorization. Although perpetrating a offense is illegal. constabularies have no rights to mistreat their rights through physical or verbal actions. Although physical maltreatment brings physical hurting and such but verbal maltreatment has really proved that it would be more harmful to that victim. As in one of the instances. a police officer re ally insulted the victim till the victim killed himself out of choler. Wordss can really intend a batch towards a human being and constabularies officers think that they won’t be charged with any discourtesy through dissing verbally alternatively of physical maltreatment can really do job towards these constabulary officers. Harmonizing to a research. every twelvemonth about 261 constabularies officers are involved with constabularies ferociousness and merely approximately 27 per centum of these victims are involved in jurisprudence suits. In many instances. bulk of these victims are really African Americans that were abused by the jurisprudence that are supposed to protect them. And the research besides shows that there is a consequence of 382 deceases out of 5986 studies. Other than the statistics. there is besides a few groups of people which are aged. drug nuts. female and weak people. Police would take advantage of this to brutalise them while infixing fright in them through endangering for an illustration. constabulary officers might endanger them about their household members and if they were to describe anything the constabulary officer would collar or handle their household members the same manner they were being treated and this would decidedly infix fright into the victims. That is why some instances were reported as bogus issues because victims themselves do non desire to acknowledge the truth being worried of being physically or verbally abused once more. Overall. if a constabulary officer was found mistreating a victim. their rights as a constabulary would likely be revoked and merely prison sentence up to 14 months averagely and this is unjust to all the other offense wrongdoers every bit good as the victims because 14 months is a truly short clip which these victims might be abused one time once more when these constabulary officers are discharged from their responsibility and/or the prison. Racial profiling in the US among police officers There are a batch of known instances of constabulary ferociousness particularly on inkinesss on racial profiling. But harmonizing to an article in 2012. a black individual is killed by a security officer every 28 hours. As it was besides stated in this article. that African-Americans are about 13. 1 % of the state population but it has about covered 40 % of the prison’s population. Besides. inkinesss sometimes do sell drugs and is the same as white but they have a higher per centum of acquiring arrested for drugs than Whites and this is racial profiling. Black wrongdoers besides decidedly receive a longer sentence comparison to white wrongdoers. Other than that. most of the inkinesss killed were unarmed. which harmonizing to the study. 44 % of inkinesss was killed even though there was no mark of arm. 27 % deceases are claimed that the suspect had a gun but there was no prove to this. 2 % had little arms such as knifes. large scissors and cutters or any other similar arms. and merely approximately 20 % had guns or deathly arms. Most officers that killed inkinesss claim that they were afraid and they were seeking to protect themselves so they have been force to open fire. These constabulary officers open fire if they feel like they are being threaten. for an illustration. the fishy running off from the bulls. driving towards to bulls or acquiring something from their waist. Police officers do non reason if the suspect does hold a arm or non and yet merely utilize lifelessly force to work out the issue. In one of the known instances of an African American acquiring shot by a police officer. the fishy name is Oscar Grant 22 twelvemonth old. and was shot by Johannes Mehserle a constabulary officer. The constabulary officer claimed that Grant had a gun even though Grant was subdued by other officers which is non justified because Oscar Grant was already being subdued by other officers and yet Johannes Mehserle still fired his arm at Oscar Grant. A few other illustrations of African American being assaulted without justified grounds are Rodney King. Sean Bell. and many other more. Rodney King was drunk on that dark on March 2. 1991. He was rushing on the expressway and that was when the constabulary officers attempted to draw him over. but Rodney King resisted. Once they manage to acquire Rodney King out of the vehicle. a group of officers tried to repress Rodney King and used taser every bit good. Rodney King was kicked at the caput and besides was beaten with truncheons. But lucky plenty. King’s injuries wasn’t truly serious but it left him with a twosome of contusions and besides a facial fractured bone. Sean Bell was killed by a constabulary undercover squad which fired 50 times at the auto Bell and his friends were siting in. it happened outside a strip nine because he was holding his bachelor’s party on that dark. A police officer really overheard that the friend speaking about acquiring his gun. so in order to forestall the shot from go oning. the constabulary officers opened fired at the auto. And that was when Sean Bell passed off instantly on the scene. The investigators were non charged guilty of manslaughter on that dark. And these are some of the instances African American’s are really confronting and this is why US should implement a heavier regulation on racial profiling. Actions of constabulary ferociousness on selected victims through racial profiling The actions that were used on inkinesss were more important comparison to Whites such as verbal persuasion. unarmed physical force. force utilizing non-lethal arms. force utilizing impact arms and lifelessly force. There was a instance which verbal persuasion really lead the victim to perpetrating suicide out of choler that has stated and it was cause by a constabulary. these African Americans were frequently called monikers like â€Å"nigger† . â€Å"negro† and many other monikers. This can do an impact on how they feel. it will neer be shown through physical but ever inside them. That is why verbal persuasion is truly negative towards a victim. Unarmed physical force can do external harm but really. besides internal because you would experience the depression on African American are seen as a minority and they know that their race will be discriminated against. As seen in some instances. African American was treated more crucially than Whites. in one of the instance. the black refused to travel into the officer’s lunchroom and the following thing he knows is his caput nailing through a home base glass window. If it was a white. it is truly obvious that the constabulary would let him to remain outside the lunchroom and delay for other processs. Non-lethal arms that were used on inkinesss are more important. inkinesss were Taser multiple times which causes a great hurting to them and in one of the instances late. the victim was Taser to decease. Force utilizing impact arms has besides been an issue towards African American. in Walmart US. an African American went to pick up a BB rifle and he was merely beckoning the gun about. after that the constabulary came and inquire him to demilitarize the gun as non cognizing that was merely a BB rifle. Regardless. the dissension from the constabulary. the constabulary shouldn’t have fired a fatal shooting on the victim and why is the victim shooting keeping a BB gun in a BB gun shop. Decision In decision. the research has shown that constabulary are more likely to be important towards inkinesss instead than Whites and this is caused by racial profiling. As from the research above. we can reason that constabulary has been important towards African American. But we should besides better the systems that US is utilizing which is really people’s head set. A simple thing can go a great job. particularly in racism constabulary should non be bias about a offense which is done by a certain race but seting all the races together as one. Police’s occupation description is to contend justness and convey peace to civils and non being the one interrupting the jurisprudence. It will neer be a good image towards civils. Solutions can be implemented through federal governments. by guaranting that maltreatments such as anguish. inordinate sum of force will non go on and these officers that had broken the jurisprudence should be accounted for and be brought to justness. Like some of the instances. the jury would state that the constabulary is at his/her rights and merely hold a prison sentence up to 14 months mean. This encourages constabularies to non be afraid because it would merely be a short clip for sentence and be make bolding to make what is right. This would besides act upon the new constabulary campaigners that assailing would non acquire them into a truly large job. The federal governments should besides implement solutions such as entering the actions a constabulary officer used through a camera or being supervised by the squad leader. Street cameras are truly of import for this affair which they can ever mention back to the scene and watch how the victim was treated by constabulary officers and this would decidedly do US a better topographic point alternatively of know aparting the minorities which is the African American but these solution applies to all the races but specifically for African American in order for them to be able to populate every bit like all the other races without any misjudgment or favoritism through racial profiling. Mentions 99 Percentage Of Police Brutality Complaints Go Uninvestigated In Central NewJersey: Report. 2014. 99 Percentage Of Police Brutality Complaints Go Uninvestigated In Central New Jersey: Report. [ ONLINE ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. huffingtonpost. com/2014/01/07/police-brutality-new-jersey-report_n_4555166. hypertext markup language. [ Accessed 26 October 2014 ] . 4 Unarmed Black Men Have Been Killed By Police in the Last Month | Mother Jones. 2014. 4 Unarmed Black Men Have Been Killed By Police in the Last Month | Mother Jones. [ ONLINE ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. motherjones. com/politics/2014/08/3-unarmed-black-african-american-men-killed-police. [ Accessed 26 October 2014 ] . How Often are Unarmed Black Men Shot Down By Police? . 2014. How Often are Unarmed Black Men Shot Down By Police? . [ ONLINE ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. dailykos. com/story/2014/08/24/1324132/-How-Often-are-Unarmed-Black-Men-Shot-Down-By-Police # . [ Accessed 26 October 2014 ] . Ferguson constabularies committed human rights misdemeanors during Michael Brown protests | Daily Mail Online. 2014. Ferguson police committed human rights misdemeanors during Michael Brown protests | Daily Mail Online. [ ONLINE ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. dailymail. co. uk/news/article-2806085/Ferguson-police-committed-human-rights-violations-Michael-Brown-protests-Amnesty-International-claims. hypertext markup language. [ Accessed 26 October 2014 ] . Police ferociousness | Law Teacher. 2014. Police ferociousness | Law Teacher. [ ONLINE ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. lawteacher. net/criminology/essays/police-brutality. php. [ Accessed 26 October 2014 ] . The Color of Justice – Constitutional Rights Foundation. 2014. The Color of Justice – Constitutional Rights Foundation. [ ONLINE ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. crf-usa. org/brown-v-board-50th-anniversary/the-color-of-justice. hypertext markup language. [ Accessed 26 October 2014 ] . Presentation to Hearing on Police Brutality A ; Misconduct – Richie Perez.

Sex Education Essay Example

Sex Education Essay Example Sex Education Essay Sex Education Essay Something thats being overlooked is this situation: Whether students are taught sex education in elementary school or not, those students will most likely learn about sex through some other means anyways. However, sex education should not be taught in elementary school. First of all, if schools were to teach sex education at the elementary level, it would only make children more curious about sex and we all know what curiosity did to the cat right? Furthermore, what would be accomplished by teaching students sex education in elementary school? Lastly, there are other subjects that we could be putting more emphasis on instead of sex at the elementary level. So no, elementary students should not have sex education classes. When dealing with the topic of sex, it is a great idea to know who youre dealing with when trying to explain it. As good as teachers know their students, the parents of the students are better off trying to explain sex to the students. Especially at the elementary level. It would take someone who the students saw as an authority figure to teach them about sex and sorry to say, all students do not feel as if their teachers have authority over them. To make matters worse, since students would not feel like the teachers could tell them what they could and could not do, they might actually decide to try it. It is the same as telling children not to play with fire. Ever notice how many children still end up with burns? Curiosity did indeed kill the cat. Something else to consider when thinking about whether students should be taught sex education in elementary school: What are the benefits and do they outweigh the potential problems that could come with it? Yes, students being aware of sex and all of its problems would help them. But it could potentially hurt them as well. If schools are going to teach sex education, they should focus on abstinence and not just the intercourse part. Polluting the minds of children at that young of an age, you also want someone who is TRAINED to teach children about sex. That way they do not include their own morals or beliefs into teaching it. The final con to teaching to sex education in elementary school is this: Reading, writing and math need to improve. So instead of putting more time (and money) into a different subject, we SHOULD be putting more effort into those core subjects to see improvement. When looking for a job, sex education is inferior to arithmetic and english skills. Thats why those subjects should be our main concern. Putting sex education above these only deprives us from learning skills that will actually help us to become successful in life and not just when dealing with sex.

The Native Warrior at the Battle of the Little Bighorn Research Paper

The Native Warrior at the Battle of the Little Bighorn - Research Paper Example You had to deal with the enemy and anyone from the east coast was considered an enemy. Our life in the northern plains was simple. What mattered to us most was our nomadic lifestyle which we cherished like any other person would cherish their culture. It meant a lot to us because everything we did was aimed at protecting our culture as well as our livelihood. The plains we lived in mattered the most to us and we saw this as home and any disturbance was seen as a threat to the survival of our culture as well as our people. It all began when our leaders, forced by the U.S administration of the time, agreed to the terms of a treaty which was meant to create a large reservation system. This meant that we were going to give up our nomadic life and culture as we were forced into reservation and boundaries that ensued meant that we could only operate from certain regions. This was because of the many conflicts that arose due to our culture and the interaction we were having with settlers and many of the rail road surveyors. As a warrior, I was used to the nomadic lifestyle and moving from this to a more stationary life was not something that was interesting to me. I, therefore, joined many of the other warriors and leader who rejected this treaty. There was no way we could be forced into the reservation system and wait on the government subsidies.... Tension began to grow in early 1875 when Custer came over into the already established reservation system. His aim was to map the area ad to locate a suitable place which was to be used in the construction of a military post. He also came to conduct an exploration of the natural resources in the area. Luckily for him, he stumbled upon gold deposits. Word went round about this and we all came to know about the gold deposits in our land. Immediately, a proposition was made by the US government of buying the land and this was rejected by the Lakota leaders. I remember tension growing in the Black hills as there were lots of people who had come as a result of the news about the gold.iv Things became even tougher when the commissioner of Indian affairs demanded that people return to the reservation system. This was rejected by many of the people. This is where our lives took a different turn. I came to realize later that the matter was forwarded to the army. As the US Calvary planned on a ttacking us, we were also planning on retaliatory attacks with our crude weapons. A group of over 1500 warriors was already stationed to counter the threat that was eminent from the US army. Many of our leaders had information concerning the plans that were underway of attacking us.v The aim of attacking us was to force us to return to the great Sioux Reservation. We were considered hostile and thus the army was seen as the only strategy that could be used to get us to cooperate. I learnt from others that about 879 men were being prepared most of who were the 7th cavalry. I was not worried and this is because of our great number which gave me hope and confidence that we would win any battle that could ensue. Our people moved to the plains in

Swash Zone Modeling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Swash Zone Modeling - Essay Example However, an accurate model is still lacking for at least a couple of reasons (Nielsen et al., 2001). Firstly, the water motion in the swash zone is quite different from that in the inner surf zone and not well understood. In particular, the bed shear stresses have not been measured. Secondly, there is a possibility that perpendicular to the sand surface (in/exfiltration or ventilation) and/or strong horizontal pressure, gradients near bore fronts could influence the sediment motion significantly in the swash zone. In the swash zone, the bore collapses at the shore, surface rollers are not present and consequently the velocity distribution given by Eq. (1) is not valid. Thus, this dissipation mechanism (i.e. surface roller concept) cannot be applied in this region. Instead of this, the eddy viscosity concept is adopted in order to simulate the dissipation due to turbulence in the swash zone (the run-down point is considered as the offshore limit of the swash zone). Details can be found in Karambas and Koutitas (2002). The numerical solution of the Boussinesq-type equations is based on an accurate higher order numerical scheme, which has been developed by Wei and Kirby (1995). They used a fourth-order predictor-corrector scheme for time stepping and discretize the first-order spatial derivatives to fourth-order accuracy. This discretization automatically eliminates error terms that would be of the same form as the dispersive terms, and which must therefore be corrected for if lower order scheme are used. In order to validate the above model, Karambas and Koutitas (2002) compared the numerical results with experimental data (including swash zone). As mentioned by Turner and Masselink (1998), vertical flow through a porous bed induces two effects: (a) bed stabilization-destabilization, and (b) thickening or thinning of the boundary layer. On the uprush, downwards-directed piezometric head gradients (infiltration) will increase the effective weight of sediment (i.e. bed stabilization), thereby decreasing the potential for sediment transport