People Associated With The Music Industry †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The People Associated With The Music Industry? Answer: Introduction: In the past decades, with the rise of internet technology the downloading of the music is becoming major concern for the people associated with the music industry. The digital downloading of the songs is becoming the preferred area of the user (Easley, 2010). From the research it has been analysed that, 90% of music available on the internet is not paid which is illegal. The internet is serving the role of the interface between user and the music industry. It is an illegal activity of sharing copyright material on the internet. There are various software tools available on the internet which makes the downloading of the music from the internet such as Napster, Limewire, WinMX, and acquisition (Hardy, 2015). The practice of downloading the illegal music from the internet is adversely affected the growth of music industry. The evolution of social networking site has completely changed the scenario of sharing digital file over the network, The Music companies have to take step forward t o overcome such a situation by reshaping their business operations, dramatic transformation and distribution of music, and measuring of consumption in relation with demand and supply to know the actual cause of illegal distribution of music. The digital sale of the music is increasing tremendously. The music industry is facing the problem of piracy from several years. The problem of piracy is getting boom with the inclusion of internet associated with the distribution of pirated music over the internet channels. There are some ethical issues which are associated with the innovation of innovation with respect to threatening and music piracy. It has been seen that there are some difficulties associated with the associated with the innovation. The sharing of music albums should be reduced on the internet. The step should be taken to make people aware that they should pay money for downloading the music from the internet. The illegal music should not be opt by the people. The problem of piracy is getting increased with the development of internet technologies and innovation. The emerging marketing of internet increases the threat of piracy on the music industry. The musicians are not getting valuable money for their inner talent. The ethical consideration should be given on illegal downloading of the music from the internet. The area of concern is the increasing growth of the internet and which allows free downloading of the music album. The rate of piracy is getting ridiculously increased. The ethical standards and handling procedures should be used to stop the piracy of the music album to the large extent. There are different forms of music piracy which are classified as internet piracy and compact disc piracy. The availability of the digital products is on the negligible cost paid by the user. Requirement of free downloading of music: The buying and selling of the digital music on the internet is getting boom from last two decades. It has been seen that if the person is not getting pirated music on the internet, he will not buy that album and start searching for the other pirated one. The illegal downloading of the music increases indirect sale of the music (Wuest, 2013). The music industry is affected by the illegal downloading of music. The moral and legal structure should be built for the user to stop downloading of pirated songs. The music artist are not able to sustain in the music field for the longer time because the piracy is having an adverse effect on the growth of the music artist. The feeling of the musician is getting hurt. The user are becoming sting to the violation of copyright. The non-availability of the copyright music changes the mood of listening music. He will start looking for the copyright music which are freely available on the internet. The paid downloads should be used for purchasing of the song through internet. The low quality of the music files can be resolved by purchasing the original copy of the music. The talent of the musicians are getting adversely affected because if they are not giving permission to make copyright of their music, the sale of the album goes on declining. They are not able to earn the livelihood from their music album. The social media plays a major role in downloading of the music and declination of the music industry (Sikka, 2013). In todays era, the success of the music depends on the cultural impact associated with the social media platform and communication between different participating units. The musician should make communication with the right person who is using their music by paying the amount. The distribution of the music can be initiated. The work of the musician is getting hurt. The file sharing of the music is going on large scale. The digital downloads of the music continues loss of the sale. The downloading of music is p rovided with the illegal sites and services (Raman, 2014). The adverse effect can be seen with the flourishing of musical file sharing. Literature Review: From the research and survey, we evaluated that there are seven issues which are associated with the music album piracy. The various channels are used for downloading of music without paying a single penny to the music industry. The fact and figures are collected for illustrating the impact of using internet on increasing the sale of music business, use of case study, interviews, and questionnaires (Aguiar, 2016). The economic growth of the music industry is declining with the file sharing process on the internet. It has been researched that the purchasing of the music album is limited due to the availability of the music album of the web services without any hindrance. Some key points which are associated with the downloading of music album from the internet are discussed below in details. Piracy: The piracy is playing the role of critical barrier in the field of music industry. The 28% of the internet user make use of unauthorised services without paying any monthly charges to it (Peitz, 2013). There is no significance associated with the process of piracy. The spectrum of the music album is going in declining direction. The sale of the music album is increasing with the use of internet but it does not give any benefit to the music industry. The customers are getting benefit of downloading music directly from the internet without taking permission from the music industry. Any unauthorised person can access the music which is available on the internet. The growth in the sale of pirated music album is increasing day by day. Peer to peer: The point to point method of music exchange is the major problem associated with the music business. The entire film industry is getting affected by the problem of music piracy. In the peer to peer connection, the music file is directly shared from the host with the communicating parties from different sources. The growth in the P2P connection helps in upgrading the connection model to enhance the facility of sharing musical files over the internet. In the decentralized exchange model, there is no central hub located for providing the musical files to the nodes who are placing their request to access the file. The exchange of information can be done from any source (Warren, 2012). No central hub is required for the exchange of files in the decentralised exchange model. It is the convenient technique for accelerating the sharing of files because the failure of one node does not affect the flow of information between the participating units. The network functions are perf ormed by the network administrator to deploy the sharing of file with ease. Digital ripping: The digital audio is converted to the particular format by making use of ripping process. The replication of the file format can be easily converted to the replicate audio files. The internet exchange points are used for aggregating the internet traffic. The piracy is assumed as changing the attributes of the internet for free flowing of data for downloading (Martens, 2013). The internet exchange points are used for connecting smaller networks. The P2P protocol is used for downloading and accessing of information. The network traffic can be actively managed with the free flow of downloading of music. The music sale is aggregated in the last two decades for digitally recording the music on the internet (Onyegiri, 2009). The quantifying reforms should be used for estimating the effects of piracy on the digital availability of the music. The socio economic factors are responsible for developing the new technologies for developing the new models for constructing the online sale of the music. The central focus should be given on the technological innovation to enhance the sale of music by using the platform of internet (Liu, 2014). The innovation of piracy brings the crisis in the music industry. The failure of the music industry arises because of the quality loss, availability of the digital goods, unproblematic exchange of music album between the source and destination. The following diagram shows the effects of piracy on purchasing of the music album: The data compression standards are used for managing the downloading of the music album without any hindrance. The controlling of the technological changes develops the successful structure of the music industry. The safety standards should be used for controlling the legal sale of the music. The sale of music by using internet increases the universal reachability. The digital right management standard is used for authenticating the universal applicability of music album. The other companies start developing pirated music without taking authentication from the owner. The process of piracy brings declination in the field of music. The open data compression standards are used for online distribution of music. The control should be built on the commercial downloading of the music by using the technical and legal issues. The music on demand is made available to the user by searching through different web services. The short comings of the technical and commercial projects help in online delivery of the music on the demand of the customers. Case study: We have analysed the European online market developed for the sale of the music to provide future opportunities to increase the sale of the music album. The face to face interviews were arranged with the members of five European countries which are Germany, UK, France, Italy, and Spain. The executives focus on the survey associated with the value chain of European digital music. The aim of this research is to evaluate the development which is carried out in building the online market for the sale of the music videos. The new opportunities are created and identified for accelerating the growth of consumption of the digital media available on the internet. The analysis of the music piracy helps in measuring the legitimate barriers which exist with the sale of music (Department of communication, 2015). The evaluation of the interview and questionnaire helps in predicting that the increasing demand of file sharing results in the loss of music sales. The freeloaders make the music availab le at free of cost to the user which may affect the profitability ratio of the musical industry. The person does not want to pay single money for the online purchasing of the music album. The sharing of file is imposing the negative affect on the music industry. The behaviour of the internet user is getting changed with the availability and non-availability of the pirated musical album. The online music market provides benefits to the customers. It works in the welfare of the customers by making them available free music albums without paying a single penny for it. The music industry faces the loss of price due to the increment in the music piracy. The innovation of piracy brings the crisis in the music industry. The failure of the music industry arises because of the quality loss, availability of the digital goods, unproblematic exchange of music album between the source and destination. The Music companies have to take step forward to overcome such a situation by reshaping their b usiness operations, dramatic transformation and distribution of music, and measuring of consumption in relation with demand and supply to know the actual cause of illegal distribution of music. The net balance between the two commodity that is customers and music industry is zero because the customers is getting free service of music availability and music industry does not get any pay for it. The public campaign have been arranged for convincing the people that process of downloading the music is an illegal and immoral activity. The restriction should be placed for downloading of the music from different sources. The value should be given for the downloaded data. The cancellation of the license should be done of the companies which promote piracy of music. According to the copyright infringement law, the person who commit digital theft should be punished and send to jail. Issues with the current situation of downloading The piracy of music is going from the last two decades. The pleasure of listening is provided to the user in the any corner of the world (Michael, 2006). The heavy purchases of the music album from the market are completely abolished. The user mostly prefers listening music directly from the internet. The downloading of the music is an easy task because no authorisation and authentication required for carrying out the downloading activities. The musician does not get any extra cost with the increasing sale of their music album. The user does not pay a single penny for downloading the pirated music from the internet. The downloading of the pirated music gives emphasis on the breaking of law (Giletti, 2011). The compensation is not provided to the copyright holder for illegal distribution of the music files. The quality of the pirated music is not as good as original music. The different sites are available for the downloading of the tracks. Sometimes the malware are attached with the downloaded music album which can have the adverse effect on the computer system of the user (Aedermon, 2010). The downloading of the pirated music is the major source of getting malware attack on the computer system of the user. The hard earned income of the musician is used by the common user by not paying a single penny for listening and downloading their composition. This is categorised as theft and stealing of the music file. The value to the work of the musician is not given. The downloading of each single pirated music, the process of stealing occurs. The individual should be punished for doing so because the money is not paid to the authorise person. The talent of the musicians are getting adversely affected because if they are not giving permission to make copyright of their music, the sale of the album goes on declining. The legal standards are not followed for selling and purchasing of the music album. The musicians do not like downloading of music from different sources. The downloading of the music album is treated as an illegal activity which is carried out about 75% of the internet user (Waelbroek, 2012). The cost should be asked for downloading the music. There is no geographic restriction for downloading of the music. The quality of the pirated music album is very low as compared to the original one. The profit of the organization is declining regularly. The hundreds of million tracks are avai lable on the internet for accessing of the music. The sharing of files helps in ripping of the music file. Recording industry association of America focuses on development of laws for punishing to break the laws. The right holders are used for generating monopoly power for the creativity in music industry. The digital piracy is used for violation of the copyrights of music album. The accuracy is achieved in accessing the pirated music from different websites. The supply and demand of the music album can be managed by pirating the music. The trend of piracy is tremendously get increased with the increasing growth of internet technologies and web services. The overhead cost incurred on recording the music on the CD can be reduced with the use of downloading the music directly from the internet (Frenz, 2008). The consequences of the digital product help in affecting the economy of the music industry. The association should be developed between music piracy and organization of the crime to explore the profit driven illegal activities. The virtual digital products are used for distribution of music to any corner of the world irrespective of the geographic conditions. The open music model is used for developing online distribution of music on the demand of th customer with the management of peer to peer connection. Social Issues: The social norms should be followed in illegal downloading of music. The future trend should be taken into consideration to know the effect of social norms on the pirated music. The social media platform is the major source of illegal downloading of the music. The friends and relative share the links of pirated music with each other through the social media platform. Legal Issues: The subscription services should be provided by the music industry. The problems should be identified with the knowledge shared by the respondent. There is no awareness program organised for getting details of the legal downloading of the music. The subscription services should be provided for the legal downloading of the music. The Spotify subscription services should be used focusing on the lack of knowledge associated the music piracy. The individual law suit should be documented for analysing the legal threat. The individual lawsuits are used for knowing the attitude of the people towards illegal downloading. Impact of Piracy on the music industry: The music industry does not get any revenues from the piracy of the music. The current activity of music piracy is going to decline in the profit of the music industry in the near future. The loss model was developed by using the top down and bottom approaches for analysing the profit or loss associate with the music industry with the sale of music album from the source of internet. The dependency of the buyer is increasing on accessing the pirated and illegal music from the internet because no extra cost is incurred with the downloading of the pirated music. The economic growth of the music industry is declining with the file sharing process on the internet. It has been researched that the purchasing of the music album is limited due to the availability of the music album of the web services without any hindrance. The quality of the pirated music album is very low as compared to the original one. The profit of the organization is declining regularly. The easy accessing of the pirate d music decreases the profit of the enterprise. The marketing activity is decreasing with the rapid increase of availability of digital audio. The user can listen music according to his demand by the web services. The piracy of one music album affects the sale of other music album. The internet traffic can result in the delay in downloading of the music album. Solution for overcoming the problem of Music Piracy: The downloading of music is defined as the digital transfer of music to the requesting parties through the platform of internet. The illegal download of copyright material is the activity of distributing the music without the permission of the owner. The albums and song can be directly downloaded from the internet without taking any authorization schemes. The musical resources can be distributed with the permission of the owner. The data compression techniques are used for downloading of heavy files from the internet (Brown, 2013). The data compression are used for digital right management for restricting the copying of music. The size of the file and requirement of the bandwidth can be reduced by using these techniques. The quick accessing of the music file can be possible by using lossy codec form. The paid downloads should be used for purchasing of the song through internet. The low quality of the music files can be resolved by purchasing the original copy of the music. The RIAAA laws should be applied on the production of the music, manufacturing and distribution of it. The fast track networks are used for downloading the music efficiently. The campaigns should be organised for making the people aware about the breaking of the laws due to the carrying over of downloading of pirated music. They should be told that they have to pay money for purchasing the music from the internet because the downloading of the pirated music is the unethical activity which consumes hard earned money of the musicians. The piracy of the music should be minimised by focusing on the court decision of right to be forgotten (Dolata, 2011). The watermarks are added to the uploaded music file on the internet. The minimal exposure of the pirated music is the best solution to restrict the use of distribution of the pirated music on the internet (Burley, 2014). The statistics developed for the pirated music shows the declination graph of profit. The music distributing agencies have the a dverse effect on the income due to the availability of free music on the internet. The peer to peer network is used for arranging the piracy phenomenon among the participating unit. Improve business strategy of the music Industry: The digital initiatives should be taken by the music industry to stop the piracy of the music album. The new digital environment should be created for embracing the online movement of the music. The better tools and technologies should be developed for aiding sales of the music industry. The more attractive alternatives should be created which provides legal evidences. The material cost of the music albums are reduced by using the internet access. The incentives should be renewed according to the data collection. The high price of the original music should be reduced to make it affordable for the common people to buy the music legally. The availability of music on demand attracted the customers towards the downloading of the pirated music. The RIAA provides the set of rules which should be embedded within the working curriculum of the music industry to take initiatives in relation with bringing awareness about pirated music. The effective business strategies should be adopted by the organization to lower the price of the music album and bringing awareness of the ill effects associated with downloading of the pirated music. The root cause analysis should be undertaken which helps in taking step forward to clarify the effects of pirated music on the music industry. The steps should be taken to improve the profitability ratio with the increase of sale of music album with the use of internet platform. The piracy can be eliminated by not providing the copyright to the top website of the music album. The centralised distribution of the pirated music should be stopped. The cooperation of the government is required for the successful implementation of the proposal to stop the piracy. The illegal uploading and downloading of the music should be restricted and banned by the government and music industry. auditinganti-piracy innovation should be developed with the use of new technical tools and technology. The digital piracy can be stopped by bringing coordination in the industrial action in relation with the music piracy. The implementation of the ISP helps in developing graduated response system. The action framework should be developed for protecting the intellectual property with respect to digital content. Identification of the Pirated content: There are various techniques available which can be used for identifying the content on the internet. The technologies are used at various location to manage data on the peer to peer communication. This helps in handling information sharing on the network, development of user generated content based websites, and accessible of data to the consumers in the peer to peer communication environment. The various techniques are discussed below: Watermarking: The watermarking system is used for identifying the audio and video data available on the internet. This unique system can cause threat to the release of music album. The identification of the distributed sources can be done with the helps of content management system and water marking system. Fingerprinting: It is helpful in extracting essential features from the audio clip. The fingerprint detection system is used for managing the originality of the sound track and musical melody in the audio clips. Metadata: The content identifiers are used for looking into the P2P application to enables the piracy of the music album. The Bit Torrent database system is used for matching the unlawful and lawful content available on the shared file and data. The hash tag is get associated with the availability of the pirated data to make it differentiate from the original file and data. The uploading and downloading of fie can be easily handled with the use of hash tag attached with the pirated songs. The illegal internet websites should be blocked for restricting the illegal downloading of music. Result and Evaluation The development of easy interface helps in deploying the web services such as Pandora and Spotify. These services decrease the risk of malware and viruses associated with the downloading of the music. The use of illegal software helps in developing the illegal network for streamlining the pirated data and music. The RIAA provides the antipiracy services which are used for offering solution for anti-piracy act. The Company focuses on measuring the success rate by providing alternative solution. The rightness and wrongness of downloading the music should be checked which helps in measuring that we are going in right direction or breaking laws of the society. The good and the bad effect of the downloaded song should be separately measured. It helps in analysing that the person has done some unethical action which he had to not perform because it is against law. This helps in minimizing the downloading of the pirated music. The unethical dilemma is created with the pirated music download ing. The intellectual property right creates the ethical dilemma for not to download the music from the internet. The moral values of the user should be set forth to minimise the process of downloading pirated music. The common reasons which are provided by the user for downloading the music are that they are not provided with any other choice of illegally downloading the pirated music, there is no significant action taken to stop the pirated music availability on the internet, and others. The piracy is the solution to overcome the problem of high price of the music. The user are not able to afford that price. The social behaviour of the people getting changed with the awareness program organised for encouraging people not to adopt the pirated music from the internet because it is an unethical activity and against the laws. With the combined effect of people, music industry, and government helps in restricting the flow of pirated music on the internet and aids value to the working capability of the music artist. The talent and the service provided by the music artist can be improved to a large extent by providing valuable payment for the work performed. The illegal websites should be banned for t he free flow of the pirated music. The legal accessing of the music should be encouraged between the youth and the youngster. The legal distribution of the music should be promoted. The people should give payment for downloading of the music. The DIGITAL RIGHT MANAGEMENT technology should be promoted for preventing the unauthorised access of the data from the internet. The fair price of the music should be paid by the customers to the music industry. The DRM system helps in detecting the piracy of the music album. The DRM connects with the licensing server through the internet to know that the downloaded music is a pirated or original one. The interoperability challenges can be easily handled by the DRM. The internet service providers can play a major role in restricting the downloading of the pirated music. It provides the mitigation strategy from pirated music by developing the internet ecosystem. The response will not be given to the customers who want to download music from the internet without paying a single money for using it. The internet regulators are used for checking the legitimate use of resources within the network. The deployment of the management practices helps in minimizing the piracy of the music, bringing awareness in the people, development of ethical behaviour, giving valuable price to the music industry, and others. Conclusion: The numbers of music albums are available on the internet to access. The marketing activity is decreasing with the rapid increase of digital audio. The consequences of the digital product help in affecting the economy of the music industry. From the research and survey, we evaluated that there are seven issues which are associated with the music album piracy. The various channels are used for downloading of music without paying a single penny to the music industry. The online music market provides benefits to the customers. It works in the welfare of the customers by making them available free music albums without paying a single penny for it. The socio economic factors are responsible for developing the new technologies for developing the new models for constructing the online sale of the music. The moral and legal structure should be built for the user to stop downloading of pirated songs. The music artist are not able to sustain in the music field for the longer time because the p iracy is having an adverse effect on the growth of the music artist. The individual should be punished for doing so because the money is not paid to the authorise person. The legal standards are not followed for selling and purchasing of the music album. The proper consideration should be given on the legal standard to overcome the problem of piracy. References: Adermon, A. (2010).Piracy, music, and movies: A Natural experiment. Retrieved from https://www.ifn.se/wfiles/wp/wp854.pdf Aguiar, L. (2016).Digital music consumption on internet: Evidence from click stream data. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167624516000068 Brown, B. (2013).Music sharing as a computer supported collaborative application. Retrieved from https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.60.8918rep=rep1type=pdf Burley, J. (2014).An investigation to the effect of the internet on the music industry. Retrieved from https://ughandbook.portals.mbs.ac.uk/Portals/0/Docs/my-programme/dissertations/Jake%20Burley.pdf Department of communication. (2015).Online copyright infringement research. Retrieved from https://www.communications.gov.au/sites/g/files/net301/f/DeptComms%20Online%20Copyright%20Infringement%20Report%20FINAL%20.pdf Dolata, U. (2011).The music industry and the internet. Retrieved from https://www.uni-stuttgart.de/soz/oi/publikationen/soi2_dolata_music_industry.pdf Easley, R. (2010).Ethical issues in the music in the music industry response to the innovation and privacy. Retrieved from https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.70.8095rep=rep1type=pdf Frenz, M. (2008).The effect of music downloading and P2P file sharing on the strength of the copyright. Retrieved fromhttps://www.dime-eu.org/files/active/0/AndersenFrenzPAPER.pdf Giletti, T. (2011).Streaming, Downloading, and digital music consumption in the iTunes era. Retrieved from https://www.lse.ac.uk/media@lse/research/mediaworkingpapers/mscdissertationseries/2011/71.pdf Hardy, W. (2015).Why is online piracy is accounting different from theft. Retrieved from https://www.wne.uw.edu.pl/inf/wyd/WP/WNE_WP109.pdf Liu, I. (2014).The ethics of social research. Retrieved from https://www.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/34088_Chapter4.pdf Martens, B. (2013).Digital music consumption on the internet: Evidence from clickstream data. Retrieved from https://37.187.79.115/Corpuses/badDisplay500/files/2052551.pdf Michael, N. (2006).The impact of digital file sharing on the music industry: An emipirical analysis. Retrieved from https://www.riaa.com/wp-content/uploads/2004/01/art-the-impact-of-digital-file-sharing-on-the-music-industry-michel-2006.pdf Onyegiri, I. (2009).The impact of illegal downloading on music purchasing. Retrieved from https://www.ifpi.org/content/library/the-impact-of-illegal-downloading.pdf Peitz, M. (2013).The effect of internet privacy on music sales: Cross section evidence. Retrieved from https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.191.856rep=rep1type=pdf Raman, K. (2014).Protecting intellectual property rights through information. Retrieved from https://ubiquity.acm.org/article.cfm?id=1008537 Sikka, V. (2013).Code of conduct and ethics. Retrieved from https://www.infosys.com/investors/corporate-governance/Documents/CodeofConduct.pdf Waelbroek, P. (2012).The effect of internet piracy on the CD sales. Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=511763 Warren, E. (2012).Legal ethical and professional issues in information security. Retrieved from https://www.cengage.com/resource_uploads/downloads/1111138214_259148.pdf Wuest, I. (2013).Field of intellectual property protection. operations from https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/about-ip/en/iprm/pdf/ch2.p

Sports Psychology free essay sample

Sports Exercise Psychology Chapter One Review May 21st, 2013 I. Summary: 1. Describe what sport and exercise psychology is. a. Sport and exercise psychology is the scientific study of the behavior of people engaged in sport and exercise activities and the application of the knowledge gained. Researchers in the field have two major objectives: a) to understand how psychological factors affect a person’s motor performance and b) to understand how participating in physical activity affects a person’s psychological development. Despite enormous growth in recent years, sports psychology dates back to the early 1900’s and is best understood within the framework of its six distinct historical periods. 2. Understand what sport and exercise psychology specialists do. a. Contemporary sport and exercise psychologists engage in different roles, including conducting research, teaching, and consulting with athletes and exercisers. 3. Know what training is required of a sport and exercise psychologist. a. Not all sport and exercise psychology specialists are trained in the same way. We will write a custom essay sample on Sports Psychology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Clinical sport and exercise psychologists are trained specifically in psychology to treat athletes and exercisers with severe emotional disorders, such as substance abuse or anorexia. Educational sport psychology specialists receive training in exercise and sport science fields; they serve as mental coaches, educating athletes and exercisers about psychological skills and their development. They are not trained to assist people with severe emotional disorders. 4. Understand major developments in history of sports and exercise psychology. . Sport and exercise psychology has a long and rich history dating back more than 100 years. Its history falls into six periods. i. First period: the early years (1893-1920) was characterized by isolated studies. ii. Griffith Era: (1921 – 1938) Coleman Griffith became the first American to specialize in the area. iii. Third period: preparation for the future (1939 – 1965) was characterized by the field’s scientific development at tributable to the educational efforts of Franklin Henry. iv. Establishment of Academic Discipline (1966-1977) sport and exercise psychology became a valued component of academic discipline of physical education. v. Fifth Period: Multidisciplinary science and practice (1978 – 2000) was characterized by tremendous growth as the field became more accepted and respected by the public. Interest in applied issues and the growth and development of exercise psychology were evident. Training in the field took a more multidisciplinary perspective and the field wrestled with a variety of professional practice issues. vi. The Final period of contemporary sport and exercise psychology (2001 – Present) has been distinguished by continued growth worldwide, considerable diverse research, and interest in application and consulting. Exercise psychology flourishes. 5. Distinguish between scientific and professional practice knowledge. a. Sport and exercise psychology is above all a science. For this reason you need to understand the basic scientific process and how scientific knowledge is developed. Scientific knowledge alone, however, is not enough to guide professional practice. You must also understand how professional practice knowledge develops. 6. Integrate experimental and scientific knowledge. a. Scientific knowledge must be integrated with the knowledge gained from professional practice. Integrating scientific and professional practice knowledge will greatly benefit you as you work in applied sport and exercise settings. 7. Compare and contrast orientations to the field. a. Several approaches can be taken to sport and exercise psychology, including the psychophysiological, social-psychological, and cognitive-behavioral orientations. Psychophysiological sport psychologists study physiological processes of the brain and their influence on physical activity. Social-psychological sport psychologists focus on how complex interactions between the social environment and personal makeup of the athlete or exerciser influence behavior. Cognitive-behavioral sport psychologists examine how an individual’s thoughts determine behavior. 8. Describe career opportunities and future directions in the field. a. Although there are more career opportunities today than ever before, only limited numbers of full time consulting positions are available. Sport and exercise psychology is flourishing and has much to offer those interested in working in sport and physical activity settings. Trends point to such future directions as an increased interest in psychological skills training and applied work, more counseling and clinical training for sport psychologists, increased emphasis on ethics and competence, increased specialization, some continuing tension between academic and applied sport psychologists, more qualitative research, and the need to take a global perspective. II. Key Terms: Sport and Exercise Psychology Clinical Sport Psychologists Educational Sport Psychology Specialists Scientific Method Systematic Approach Control Empirical Critical Theory Social Facilitation Theory Study Experiment Experimental Group Control Group Unbiased Data Reductionistic Internal Validity External Validity Professional Practice Knowledge Introspection Systematic Observation Case Study Shared Public Experience Intuition Psychophysiological Orientation Social – Psychological Orientation Cognitive – Behavioral Orientation III. Review Questions What is sport and exercise psychology, and what are its two general objectives? a. Sport and Exercise Psychology: b. Objectives: i. ii. Describe the major accomplishments of the six periods in the history of sport and exercise psychology. What contributions did Coleman Griffith and Franklin Henry make to Sport and Exercise psychology? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Coleman: Henry: Describe three roles of sport and exercise psychology specialists. 1. 2. 3. Distinguish between clinical and educational sport psychology. Why is this distinction important? Define science and explain four of its major goals. Science: Goals: 1. 2. 3. 4. What is a theory and why are theories important in sport and exercise psychology? Theory: Importance: Distinguish between research study and an experiment. Research Study: Experiment: Identify the strengths and limitations of scientifically derived knowledge and professional practice knowledge. How does each develop? Scientifically derived knowledge: Professional practice knowledge: Describe the gap between research and practice, why it exists, and how can it be bridged. Briefly describe the psychophysiological, social-psychological, and cognitive-behavioral orientations to the study of sport and exercise psychology. Psychophysiological: Social – Psychological: Cognitive – Behavioral: Why is there a need for certification in contemporary sport and exercise psychology? Identify and briefly describe the six major ethical principals in sport and exercise psychology. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. What career opportunities exist in sport and exercise psychology? Why do contemporary sport psychologists need to take a global perspective? Describe the active approach to using sport and exercise psychology.

How to Give a Sample Essay on Self-Control

How to Give a Sample Essay on Self-ControlAlthough students and adults alike have different perceptions of what a sample essay on self-control is like, most individuals agree that the sample has one thing in common. The sample essay on self-control will have been composed by a professional essay writer and will be written by someone who has at least some writing experience. In addition, it should not consist of an essay that only uses one or two concepts and avoids using complex language.A good essay on self-control concept should incorporate several concepts. Each concept should be supported by examples drawn from nature. In addition, the essay should be able to explain why the concept is important to the student or adult in question.In order to be successful in this type of essay, you should be prepared to answer the following questions: What does the concept mean to the student's day to day life? How does the concept relate to their personal beliefs? How does the concept affect th eir life?By knowing how you can provide a sample exam essay on self-control, you will better understand how to give a good examination essay for this topic. You will also be able to see how well the essays are written, and you will be able to see how the content of the essay relates to other topics that your instructor might ask about.Once you know what a sample exam essay is like, you will be in a better position to craft a quality essay for your student or for yourself. Most students are not able to sit down and write something like this for themselves. Therefore, you must be prepared to write an essay on self-control by yourself. As a result, you will need to get some samples of your own to give to your student, so that they can use in their own essays.You may want to start by searching through some of the literature you will find by looking at magazines that you enjoy reading. Once you do, you should write some examples to give to your student. The examples will help them get a feel for what you are talking about.Once you have given a few examples to your student, you will want to think about whether the examples are reflective of the student's current situation. For example, did the student find the paper too long? Or were the examples too short? Try to get a feel for the student's current environment by giving them examples of self-control in situations where they have a problem with this concept.Once you have found a couple of bad examples, you should write some good examples of your own. Just keep in mind that the good examples will be examples that they will find in nature, such as a beautiful scene, a waterfall, or a beautiful flower. The examples should then remind them of things that are pleasant, relaxing, and peaceful.

Should age be reduced for driving licence Essay Example

Should age be reduced for driving licence Essay Example Should age be reduced for driving licence Essay Should age be reduced for driving licence Essay Yes, because there are teenagers out there that are more mature behind the wheel then some adults I know. Age does not matter, maturity does. For todays students study related commuting needs, 16 to 18 year teens are authorized to drive non- geared, less than 100 c two wheelers only, with the consent of parents/guardians. They will be authorized/upgraded to drive vehicles with gear on attaining 18 years, on subsequent appearing and clearing concerned tests by ROOT. Most of the roads Inside the cities in India are already crowded with lot of vehicles. To add more woes, If all teenagers were given license, It would prompt more vehicles to go around the scales. This would add to more fuel consumption at the overall nation level and would also contribute to carbon emission and add to more pollution. Handling the vehicles Is too risky at a younger age, as most of the teens would be fearless and would be speeding up, eventually causing more accidents. Its the age which would prompt them to be more adventurous and will Involve trying out more dangerous acts using vehicles, as they would be Inspired by that which Is shown In movies. Everything has certain age and after 18 any how one would be free to drive throughout their life time. Till then the teens can afford to use public transport or vehicles in schools or accompany their parents or elders, while they want to go out, which will be much safer and also contribute to a cleaner environment (less vehicles plying on road). Minors should not be granted driving license due to the following reasons.

Printable Hundred Chart and Blank Hundred Chart

Printable Hundred Chart and Blank Hundred Chart The hundred chart is a valuable learning resource to help young children with counting to 100, counting by 2s, 5s, 10s, multiplication, and seeing counting patterns. You can play counting games with students based on the hundred  chart worksheets, which the student either fills in on their own, or you can print out a hundred chart that is prefilled with all the numbers. Regular use of the hundred chart from kindergarten to the 3rd grade supports many counting concepts. Help With Seeing Patterns Use a prefilled hundred chart or ask your students to fill their own. As a student fills in the chart, the child will begin to see patterns emerge. You can ask the question, Circle in red the numbers on the chart that end in 2. Or, similarly, put a blue box around all numbers ending in 5.  Ask what they notice and why they think it is happening. Repeat the process with numbers ending in 0. Talk about the patterns they notice. You can help students practice their multiplication tables in the chart by counting by 3s, 4s, or whichever multiplier and coloring in those numbers. Counting Games To save on paper,  you can provide students with a laminated copy of a  hundred chart  for quicker access. There are many games that can be played on a hundred chart that help children learn about counting to 100, placement, and  order of number. Simple word problems you can try include addition functions, such as, What number is 10 more than 15? Or, you can practice subtraction, like, What number is  3 less than 10. Skip counting games can be a fun way to teach a fundamental concept using a marker or coins to cover all the 5s or 0s. Have children name the numbers underneath without peeking. Similar to a game like Candy Land, you can have two children play together on one chart with a small marker for each player and a dice. Have each student start at the first square and move in numerical order through the chart and have a race to the end square. If you want to practice addition, start from the first square. If you want to practice subtraction, start from the last square and work backward. Make Math a Puzzle You can teach place value by cutting up the columns (lengthwise) into strips. You can have the students work together to reorder the strips into a complete hundred chart. Alternatively, you can cut up the hundred chart into big chunks, like a puzzle. Ask the student to piece it back together. Make Math a Mystery You can play a game called Too Big, Too Small, with a large group of children and a hundred chart. You can base it on the entire hundred chart. You can preselect a number (mark it somewhere, then conceal it). Tell the group that you have a number one through 100 and they must guess it. Each person gets a turn to guess. They can each say one number. The only clue you will give is, too big, if the number exceeds the preselected number, or too small, if  the number is less than the preselected number. Have the children mark off on their hundred chart the numbers that are canceled out by your clues of too big, and too small.

Intercultural communication class- Intercultural learning report Essay

Intercultural communication class- Intercultural learning report - Essay Example Apparently, proficiency in the host culture language is a prerequisite for any intercultural communication. The theory seeks to establish whether unique attributes or group memberships define individuals from an individual culture (Communication for Governance & Accountability Program 1). Moreover, the theory explores whether individual achievement and gratification are more important than unity a cultural group. Apparently, collectivism culture is more useful than the individualism culture as seen in international universities where international students from China record higher grades compared to American students. The theory has developed my knowledge on cultural diversity where I have been interacting with people from different cultures with the aim of understanding such cultures and borrowing the best cultural values. The theory compares minimum status differences with the preference for strict social hierarchies (Communication for Governance & Accountability Program 1). It relates to the acceptance of unequal distribution of power by the less powerful (The Hofstede Centre 1). The theory was significant in my project since it helped me to understand the powerful effect of Thailand culture on communication (College of Marin 1). For example, I established that Thailand people respect their King. Indeed, my Thailand project investigated the degree to which Thailand people consider themselves masculine or feminine. Thailand depicts a feminine society that respects women and allows them to work for a living (The Hofstede Centre 1). Cultural shock is very popular among international students who experience the American culture for the first time. The cultural shock relates to the immediate need for knowledge of American culture and English proficiency. However, I started to understand the new cultures since I wanted to belong to the environment. I established the good and bad things about the American and Thailand culture that

Poverty should be defined in multi-dimensional terms. Define, using Essay

Poverty should be defined in multi-dimensional terms. Define, using examples from your wider reading - Essay Example Conversely, there have been cases of poverty reduction is certain developing countries for example, Ghana, Bolivia, Cambodia and Tanzania. This is impressive though, the fight against poverty is real and it will take the collaboration of the people, governments and international organizations to win it. Poverty has been largely understood in terms of income until recently. Being poor meant that an individual could merely provide a proper diet at home. However, poverty is way more than a shortfall of income or food availability. It is more about the denial of choices and opportunities that are necessary for one to lead a decent, health and long life with self- esteem, respect and dignity. People simply live in campsites, slums and in poor living conditions because they have no other choice. Nearly half of the world’s population is faced by problems such as possessing few skills to compete in the market, multiple health problems and little or no income at all. There are many asp ects of poverty that are inter- linked resulting to a vicious cycle (Bhalla 2002:79). In other words, poverty is a multi- dimensional concept and some of its facets include: i. Mismanagement of Resources The world is endowed with numerous resources in the form of minerals, oil, and a massive work force among many others (Chen and Ravallion, 2008:56). In most incidences, resources are poorly managed leading to wastages and this contributes to increasing poverty levels. This is common to developing countries such as South Sudan where there are constant fights over resources. It also entails the unequal distribution of resources among different regions that contributes high poverty level. ii. Food Mismanagement and Insecurity Food is a key need for human survival and if not properly managed it could lead to hunger among the population (Ivanic and Martin, 2008). Food security is paramount for the growth and development of an economy since it ensures that there is a constant supply even during dry spells. Food insecurity is common in most developing countries owing to fluctuations in weather patterns and lack of appropriate storage mechanisms. iii. Poor Health Disease and disability may hinder individuals from working thereby limiting their income. If the bread winner is ill, it means that the entire family will be negatively affected. This not only translates to loss of income and an increase in costs due to the need for health care. Other causes of poverty include: war and insecurity, the spread of HIV/AIDS, poor infrastructural and institutional development and corruption (Department for International Development (DfID, 2009). This paper analyses poverty as a multi- faceted concept with regards to mismanagement of food and resources. It further looks at the perspective of poverty by organizations like the UN and World Bank. It also gives an in depth analysis of the progress made by countries towards the achievement of the MDGs. Finally, the paper examines some o f the indicators of poverty levels including different countries’ GDP and the human development index (HDI) Poverty from Mismanagement of Food and Security Thousands of people die every day of hunger- related causes according to recent reports. Regrettably, it is children who die most frequently yet there is an abundant supply of food for the world’