Sports Psychology free essay sample

Sports Exercise Psychology Chapter One Review May 21st, 2013 I. Summary: 1. Describe what sport and exercise psychology is. a. Sport and exercise psychology is the scientific study of the behavior of people engaged in sport and exercise activities and the application of the knowledge gained. Researchers in the field have two major objectives: a) to understand how psychological factors affect a person’s motor performance and b) to understand how participating in physical activity affects a person’s psychological development. Despite enormous growth in recent years, sports psychology dates back to the early 1900’s and is best understood within the framework of its six distinct historical periods. 2. Understand what sport and exercise psychology specialists do. a. Contemporary sport and exercise psychologists engage in different roles, including conducting research, teaching, and consulting with athletes and exercisers. 3. Know what training is required of a sport and exercise psychologist. a. Not all sport and exercise psychology specialists are trained in the same way. We will write a custom essay sample on Sports Psychology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Clinical sport and exercise psychologists are trained specifically in psychology to treat athletes and exercisers with severe emotional disorders, such as substance abuse or anorexia. Educational sport psychology specialists receive training in exercise and sport science fields; they serve as mental coaches, educating athletes and exercisers about psychological skills and their development. They are not trained to assist people with severe emotional disorders. 4. Understand major developments in history of sports and exercise psychology. . Sport and exercise psychology has a long and rich history dating back more than 100 years. Its history falls into six periods. i. First period: the early years (1893-1920) was characterized by isolated studies. ii. Griffith Era: (1921 – 1938) Coleman Griffith became the first American to specialize in the area. iii. Third period: preparation for the future (1939 – 1965) was characterized by the field’s scientific development at tributable to the educational efforts of Franklin Henry. iv. Establishment of Academic Discipline (1966-1977) sport and exercise psychology became a valued component of academic discipline of physical education. v. Fifth Period: Multidisciplinary science and practice (1978 – 2000) was characterized by tremendous growth as the field became more accepted and respected by the public. Interest in applied issues and the growth and development of exercise psychology were evident. Training in the field took a more multidisciplinary perspective and the field wrestled with a variety of professional practice issues. vi. The Final period of contemporary sport and exercise psychology (2001 – Present) has been distinguished by continued growth worldwide, considerable diverse research, and interest in application and consulting. Exercise psychology flourishes. 5. Distinguish between scientific and professional practice knowledge. a. Sport and exercise psychology is above all a science. For this reason you need to understand the basic scientific process and how scientific knowledge is developed. Scientific knowledge alone, however, is not enough to guide professional practice. You must also understand how professional practice knowledge develops. 6. Integrate experimental and scientific knowledge. a. Scientific knowledge must be integrated with the knowledge gained from professional practice. Integrating scientific and professional practice knowledge will greatly benefit you as you work in applied sport and exercise settings. 7. Compare and contrast orientations to the field. a. Several approaches can be taken to sport and exercise psychology, including the psychophysiological, social-psychological, and cognitive-behavioral orientations. Psychophysiological sport psychologists study physiological processes of the brain and their influence on physical activity. Social-psychological sport psychologists focus on how complex interactions between the social environment and personal makeup of the athlete or exerciser influence behavior. Cognitive-behavioral sport psychologists examine how an individual’s thoughts determine behavior. 8. Describe career opportunities and future directions in the field. a. Although there are more career opportunities today than ever before, only limited numbers of full time consulting positions are available. Sport and exercise psychology is flourishing and has much to offer those interested in working in sport and physical activity settings. Trends point to such future directions as an increased interest in psychological skills training and applied work, more counseling and clinical training for sport psychologists, increased emphasis on ethics and competence, increased specialization, some continuing tension between academic and applied sport psychologists, more qualitative research, and the need to take a global perspective. II. Key Terms: Sport and Exercise Psychology Clinical Sport Psychologists Educational Sport Psychology Specialists Scientific Method Systematic Approach Control Empirical Critical Theory Social Facilitation Theory Study Experiment Experimental Group Control Group Unbiased Data Reductionistic Internal Validity External Validity Professional Practice Knowledge Introspection Systematic Observation Case Study Shared Public Experience Intuition Psychophysiological Orientation Social – Psychological Orientation Cognitive – Behavioral Orientation III. Review Questions What is sport and exercise psychology, and what are its two general objectives? a. Sport and Exercise Psychology: b. Objectives: i. ii. Describe the major accomplishments of the six periods in the history of sport and exercise psychology. What contributions did Coleman Griffith and Franklin Henry make to Sport and Exercise psychology? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Coleman: Henry: Describe three roles of sport and exercise psychology specialists. 1. 2. 3. Distinguish between clinical and educational sport psychology. Why is this distinction important? Define science and explain four of its major goals. Science: Goals: 1. 2. 3. 4. What is a theory and why are theories important in sport and exercise psychology? Theory: Importance: Distinguish between research study and an experiment. Research Study: Experiment: Identify the strengths and limitations of scientifically derived knowledge and professional practice knowledge. How does each develop? Scientifically derived knowledge: Professional practice knowledge: Describe the gap between research and practice, why it exists, and how can it be bridged. Briefly describe the psychophysiological, social-psychological, and cognitive-behavioral orientations to the study of sport and exercise psychology. Psychophysiological: Social – Psychological: Cognitive – Behavioral: Why is there a need for certification in contemporary sport and exercise psychology? Identify and briefly describe the six major ethical principals in sport and exercise psychology. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. What career opportunities exist in sport and exercise psychology? Why do contemporary sport psychologists need to take a global perspective? Describe the active approach to using sport and exercise psychology.

How to Give a Sample Essay on Self-Control

How to Give a Sample Essay on Self-ControlAlthough students and adults alike have different perceptions of what a sample essay on self-control is like, most individuals agree that the sample has one thing in common. The sample essay on self-control will have been composed by a professional essay writer and will be written by someone who has at least some writing experience. In addition, it should not consist of an essay that only uses one or two concepts and avoids using complex language.A good essay on self-control concept should incorporate several concepts. Each concept should be supported by examples drawn from nature. In addition, the essay should be able to explain why the concept is important to the student or adult in question.In order to be successful in this type of essay, you should be prepared to answer the following questions: What does the concept mean to the student's day to day life? How does the concept relate to their personal beliefs? How does the concept affect th eir life?By knowing how you can provide a sample exam essay on self-control, you will better understand how to give a good examination essay for this topic. You will also be able to see how well the essays are written, and you will be able to see how the content of the essay relates to other topics that your instructor might ask about.Once you know what a sample exam essay is like, you will be in a better position to craft a quality essay for your student or for yourself. Most students are not able to sit down and write something like this for themselves. Therefore, you must be prepared to write an essay on self-control by yourself. As a result, you will need to get some samples of your own to give to your student, so that they can use in their own essays.You may want to start by searching through some of the literature you will find by looking at magazines that you enjoy reading. Once you do, you should write some examples to give to your student. The examples will help them get a feel for what you are talking about.Once you have given a few examples to your student, you will want to think about whether the examples are reflective of the student's current situation. For example, did the student find the paper too long? Or were the examples too short? Try to get a feel for the student's current environment by giving them examples of self-control in situations where they have a problem with this concept.Once you have found a couple of bad examples, you should write some good examples of your own. Just keep in mind that the good examples will be examples that they will find in nature, such as a beautiful scene, a waterfall, or a beautiful flower. The examples should then remind them of things that are pleasant, relaxing, and peaceful.

Should age be reduced for driving licence Essay Example

Should age be reduced for driving licence Essay Example Should age be reduced for driving licence Essay Should age be reduced for driving licence Essay Yes, because there are teenagers out there that are more mature behind the wheel then some adults I know. Age does not matter, maturity does. For todays students study related commuting needs, 16 to 18 year teens are authorized to drive non- geared, less than 100 c two wheelers only, with the consent of parents/guardians. They will be authorized/upgraded to drive vehicles with gear on attaining 18 years, on subsequent appearing and clearing concerned tests by ROOT. Most of the roads Inside the cities in India are already crowded with lot of vehicles. To add more woes, If all teenagers were given license, It would prompt more vehicles to go around the scales. This would add to more fuel consumption at the overall nation level and would also contribute to carbon emission and add to more pollution. Handling the vehicles Is too risky at a younger age, as most of the teens would be fearless and would be speeding up, eventually causing more accidents. Its the age which would prompt them to be more adventurous and will Involve trying out more dangerous acts using vehicles, as they would be Inspired by that which Is shown In movies. Everything has certain age and after 18 any how one would be free to drive throughout their life time. Till then the teens can afford to use public transport or vehicles in schools or accompany their parents or elders, while they want to go out, which will be much safer and also contribute to a cleaner environment (less vehicles plying on road). Minors should not be granted driving license due to the following reasons.

Printable Hundred Chart and Blank Hundred Chart

Printable Hundred Chart and Blank Hundred Chart The hundred chart is a valuable learning resource to help young children with counting to 100, counting by 2s, 5s, 10s, multiplication, and seeing counting patterns. You can play counting games with students based on the hundred  chart worksheets, which the student either fills in on their own, or you can print out a hundred chart that is prefilled with all the numbers. Regular use of the hundred chart from kindergarten to the 3rd grade supports many counting concepts. Help With Seeing Patterns Use a prefilled hundred chart or ask your students to fill their own. As a student fills in the chart, the child will begin to see patterns emerge. You can ask the question, Circle in red the numbers on the chart that end in 2. Or, similarly, put a blue box around all numbers ending in 5.  Ask what they notice and why they think it is happening. Repeat the process with numbers ending in 0. Talk about the patterns they notice. You can help students practice their multiplication tables in the chart by counting by 3s, 4s, or whichever multiplier and coloring in those numbers. Counting Games To save on paper,  you can provide students with a laminated copy of a  hundred chart  for quicker access. There are many games that can be played on a hundred chart that help children learn about counting to 100, placement, and  order of number. Simple word problems you can try include addition functions, such as, What number is 10 more than 15? Or, you can practice subtraction, like, What number is  3 less than 10. Skip counting games can be a fun way to teach a fundamental concept using a marker or coins to cover all the 5s or 0s. Have children name the numbers underneath without peeking. Similar to a game like Candy Land, you can have two children play together on one chart with a small marker for each player and a dice. Have each student start at the first square and move in numerical order through the chart and have a race to the end square. If you want to practice addition, start from the first square. If you want to practice subtraction, start from the last square and work backward. Make Math a Puzzle You can teach place value by cutting up the columns (lengthwise) into strips. You can have the students work together to reorder the strips into a complete hundred chart. Alternatively, you can cut up the hundred chart into big chunks, like a puzzle. Ask the student to piece it back together. Make Math a Mystery You can play a game called Too Big, Too Small, with a large group of children and a hundred chart. You can base it on the entire hundred chart. You can preselect a number (mark it somewhere, then conceal it). Tell the group that you have a number one through 100 and they must guess it. Each person gets a turn to guess. They can each say one number. The only clue you will give is, too big, if the number exceeds the preselected number, or too small, if  the number is less than the preselected number. Have the children mark off on their hundred chart the numbers that are canceled out by your clues of too big, and too small.

Intercultural communication class- Intercultural learning report Essay

Intercultural communication class- Intercultural learning report - Essay Example Apparently, proficiency in the host culture language is a prerequisite for any intercultural communication. The theory seeks to establish whether unique attributes or group memberships define individuals from an individual culture (Communication for Governance & Accountability Program 1). Moreover, the theory explores whether individual achievement and gratification are more important than unity a cultural group. Apparently, collectivism culture is more useful than the individualism culture as seen in international universities where international students from China record higher grades compared to American students. The theory has developed my knowledge on cultural diversity where I have been interacting with people from different cultures with the aim of understanding such cultures and borrowing the best cultural values. The theory compares minimum status differences with the preference for strict social hierarchies (Communication for Governance & Accountability Program 1). It relates to the acceptance of unequal distribution of power by the less powerful (The Hofstede Centre 1). The theory was significant in my project since it helped me to understand the powerful effect of Thailand culture on communication (College of Marin 1). For example, I established that Thailand people respect their King. Indeed, my Thailand project investigated the degree to which Thailand people consider themselves masculine or feminine. Thailand depicts a feminine society that respects women and allows them to work for a living (The Hofstede Centre 1). Cultural shock is very popular among international students who experience the American culture for the first time. The cultural shock relates to the immediate need for knowledge of American culture and English proficiency. However, I started to understand the new cultures since I wanted to belong to the environment. I established the good and bad things about the American and Thailand culture that

Poverty should be defined in multi-dimensional terms. Define, using Essay

Poverty should be defined in multi-dimensional terms. Define, using examples from your wider reading - Essay Example Conversely, there have been cases of poverty reduction is certain developing countries for example, Ghana, Bolivia, Cambodia and Tanzania. This is impressive though, the fight against poverty is real and it will take the collaboration of the people, governments and international organizations to win it. Poverty has been largely understood in terms of income until recently. Being poor meant that an individual could merely provide a proper diet at home. However, poverty is way more than a shortfall of income or food availability. It is more about the denial of choices and opportunities that are necessary for one to lead a decent, health and long life with self- esteem, respect and dignity. People simply live in campsites, slums and in poor living conditions because they have no other choice. Nearly half of the world’s population is faced by problems such as possessing few skills to compete in the market, multiple health problems and little or no income at all. There are many asp ects of poverty that are inter- linked resulting to a vicious cycle (Bhalla 2002:79). In other words, poverty is a multi- dimensional concept and some of its facets include: i. Mismanagement of Resources The world is endowed with numerous resources in the form of minerals, oil, and a massive work force among many others (Chen and Ravallion, 2008:56). In most incidences, resources are poorly managed leading to wastages and this contributes to increasing poverty levels. This is common to developing countries such as South Sudan where there are constant fights over resources. It also entails the unequal distribution of resources among different regions that contributes high poverty level. ii. Food Mismanagement and Insecurity Food is a key need for human survival and if not properly managed it could lead to hunger among the population (Ivanic and Martin, 2008). Food security is paramount for the growth and development of an economy since it ensures that there is a constant supply even during dry spells. Food insecurity is common in most developing countries owing to fluctuations in weather patterns and lack of appropriate storage mechanisms. iii. Poor Health Disease and disability may hinder individuals from working thereby limiting their income. If the bread winner is ill, it means that the entire family will be negatively affected. This not only translates to loss of income and an increase in costs due to the need for health care. Other causes of poverty include: war and insecurity, the spread of HIV/AIDS, poor infrastructural and institutional development and corruption (Department for International Development (DfID, 2009). This paper analyses poverty as a multi- faceted concept with regards to mismanagement of food and resources. It further looks at the perspective of poverty by organizations like the UN and World Bank. It also gives an in depth analysis of the progress made by countries towards the achievement of the MDGs. Finally, the paper examines some o f the indicators of poverty levels including different countries’ GDP and the human development index (HDI) Poverty from Mismanagement of Food and Security Thousands of people die every day of hunger- related causes according to recent reports. Regrettably, it is children who die most frequently yet there is an abundant supply of food for the world’

Defibrillator :: essays research papers

General Questions What does AED stand for? AED stands for automated external defibrillator (or automated external defibrillation). What's an AED?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An AED is a device used to administer an electric shock through the chest wall to the heart. Built-in computers assess the patient's heart rhythm, judge whether defibrillation is needed, and then administer the shock. Audible and/or visual prompts guide the user through the process. How does an AED work?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A microprocessor inside the defibrillator interprets (analyzes) the victim's heart rhythm through adhesive electrodes (some AED models require you to press an ANALYZE button). The computer analyzes the heart rhythm and advises the operator whether a shock is needed. AEDs advise a shock only to ventricular fibrillation and fast ventricular tachycardia. The electric current is delivered through the victim's chest wall through adhesive electrode pads. Why are AEDs important?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  AEDs are important because they strengthen the Chain of Survival. They can restore a normal heart rhythm in victims of sudden cardiac arrest. New, portable AEDs enable more people to respond to a medical emergency that requires defibrillation. When a person suffers a sudden cardiac arrest, their chance of survival decreases by 7% to 10% for each minute that passes without defibrillation. AEDs save lives! Who can use an AED?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most AEDs are designed to be used by nonmedical personnel such as police, firefighters, flight attendants, security guards, and other lay rescuers who have been properly trained. Having more people in the community who can respond to a medical emergency by providing defibrillation will greatly increase sudden cardiac arrest survival rates. Why does someone having a heart attack need an AED?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When a heart attack becomes a full cardiac arrest, the heart most often goes into uncoordinated electrical activity called fibrillation. The heart twitches ineffectively and can't pump blood. The AED delivers electric current to the heart muscle, momentarily stunning the heart, stopping all activity. This gives the heart an opportunity to resume beating effectively. Will an AED always resuscitate someone in cardiac arrest?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The AED treats only a heart in ventricular fibrillation (VF), an irregular heart rhythm. In cardiac arrest without VF, the heart doesn't respond to electric currents but needs medications. The victim needs breathing support. AEDs are less successful when the victim has been in cardiac arrest for more than a few minutes, especially if no CPR was provided. AED Use Is an AED safe to use? An AED is safe to use by anyone who's been trained to operate it.